MBA Assignments for SMU MBA (Sikkim Manipal University)

Product Life Cycle for MBA Assignment of SMU MB0046

2012-01-29T02:55:00.000-08:00

The solved assignment has been prepared for “State the meaning of Product life cycle and explain the different stages involved in it”. It is the solved assignment of MB0046 (Marketing Management) for SMU MBA. You should take a view of Micro Environmental Forces of Marketing and International Market Entry Strategies too.

The product which is introduced into the market will undergo some modifications over the period. Its sales also fluctuate. Therefore marketer is interested in finding out how sales changes over period? And what strategies best suits at that point? A product life cycle can be graphed by plotting aggregate sales volume for a product category over time.

Generally the curve resembles bell shaped curve but it is not the only one type of curve. We can obtain style, fashion or fad style of product life cycles also.

According to the type of cycle of product passes through five stages:

1. Product development stage: In this stage company indentifies the viable idea and develops it. Sales in this stage are zero but require huge research and development budget.

2. Introduction stage: Company introduces the product into the market. As the product is new to the market, awareness is usually very low.

3. Growth stage: Company gets experience over the period and now tries to get the maximum market share. Sales will grow rapidly resulting in lesser cost and better profit.

4. Maturity stage:

a. Peak sales
b. Low cost per customer
c. High profits
d. Competition based pricing
e. Communicating the product differentiation to consumer
f. Improving supply chain efficiency
g. Defend the market share
h. Industry experiences the consolidation

5. Decline stage: In this stage, product and profit declines. Company should phase out weak items from their product mix.

Some Other Product Life Cycles:

1. Style: a style is a basic and distinctive mode of expression appears in the field of human behavior.

2. Fashion: currently accepted or popular style in a given field for example, cargo jeans are now fashion with college going students.

3. Fad: a fashion that enters quickly, adopted with great zeal, peaks early and decline very fast for example, when the pager is introduced, everybody would like to have the product. But when people found mobile as alternative the demand for the product went down drastically.

International Market Entry Strategies for MB0046 SMU MBA Assignment

2011-12-25T23:46:00.000-08:00

The solved assignment has been prepared for “What are the different market entry strategies if a company wants to enter international markets?” It is the solved assignment of SMU MBA for MB0046 (Marketing Management). You should take a view of Micro Environmental Forces of Marketing also.

Companies should evaluate each country against the market size, market growth and cost of doing business, competitive advantage and risk level before entering in international markets.

There are the checklists of country evaluation that should be evaluated by companies before entering in any international market.

Checklist for Country Evaluation:

Political Rights
Civil Liberties
Control of Corruption
Government Effectiveness
Rule of Law
Health Expenditure
Education Expenditure
Regulatory Quality
Cost of Starting a Business
Days to Start a Business
Trade Policy
Inflation
Fiscal Policy
Consumption
Competition

Companies should evaluate these eliminates with their weightages and they should give score also for those elements. Companies can enter in international market from any one of the following strategies.

Exporting
Licensing
Contract Manufacturing
Management Contract
Joint Ownership
Direct Investment

Exporting:

It is the technique of selling the goods produced in the domestic country in a foreign country with some modifications.

Licensing:

According to Philip Kotler licensing is a method of entering a foreign market in which the company enters into an agreement with a license in the foreign market, offering the right to use a manufacturing process, trademark, patent, or other item of value for a fee or royalty.

Contract Manufacturing:

Company enters the international market with a tie up between manufacturer to produce the product or the service.

Management Contracting:

In this type a company enters the international market by providing the knowhow of the product to the domestic manufacturer.

Joint Ownership:

A form of joint venture in which an international Company invests equally with a domestic manufacturer.

Direct Investment:

In this method of international market entry Company invest in manufacturing or assembling.

Micro Environmental Forces of Marketing for Marketing Management Assignment of SMU MBA

2011-11-24T08:17:00.000-08:00

It is the solved assignment of “Explain the different micro-environmental forces with examples.” The assignment is solved for SMU MBA of MB0046 (Marketing Management). You can read other solved assignments also - Measures to Improve Employee Morale and Wage and Salary Administration Policies in India.

Marketing department let alone cannot satisfy all the needs of customer. Therefore it is essential to integrate the functions of suppliers, publics, company departments and intermediaries in creating the value to the customer. These forces are known as organization’s micro environment.

Microenvironment: The forces which are very close to company and have impact on value creation and customer service.

Forces in the micro-environment:

The Company:

Remember in the previous unit we discussed about the strategic and marketing planning. Deducing a strategic plan in to specific marketing plan require coordination of other functions like finance, Human resource, production, and research and development.

Intermediaries:

Marketing intermediaries: The firms which distribute and sell the goods of the company to consumer.

Marketing intermediaries plays an important role in the distribution, selling and promoting the goods and services.

Publics:

These are microenvironment groups, which helps company to generate the financial resources, creating the image, examining the companies’ policy and developing the attitude towards the product.

Competitors:

A company should monitor its immediate competitor. The product should be positioned differently and able to provide better services.

Suppliers:

Suppliers are the first link in the entire supply chain of the company. Hence any problems or cost escalation in the stage will have direct effect on the company. Many companies adopted supplier relation management system to manage them well.

Customers:

A company may sell their products directly to the customer or use marketing intermediaries to reach them. Direct or indirect marketing depends on what type of marketing company serves. Generally we can divide the markets into five categories.

Measures to Improve Employee Morale for MB0043 of SMU MBA Assignment

2011-10-29T10:14:00.000-07:00

There is the solved assignment of “Suggest few measures to improve employee morale.” The assignment is solved for SMU MBA of MB0043 (Human Resource Management). You can read other assignments also - individual evaluation methods of performance appraisal and wage and salary administration policies in India.

There are a number of measures which can be used to control the warning signals of low morale. The following are the positive measures to be taken to bring job satisfaction to the employees and reconcile individual interests with the interests of the organization.

Creation of whole jobs
Job enrichment
Building responsibility into a job
Modifying the work environment
Flexing working hours
Job sharing
Rotation of jobs
Profit sharing

Morale can also be improved by adapting several other measures such as employee contest, special recognition and awards to long service employees, film shows to employees during their lunch hour, free coffee during rest pauses, and training the supervisors in how to handle people.

Under this method, complete jobs are assigned to the workers. The complexity of a job should be increased so that it may appeal to their higher needs.

Job enrichment tries to deal with dissatisfaction by increasing job depth. Under this, individual employees may be given responsibility for setting their own work pace, for concerning their own errors, and/or for deciding on the best way to perform a particular task.

Flex time permits employees to arrange their work hours to suit their personal needs and life-styles. This is particularly suited to situations with fluctuating workloads. Flex time employees are responsible for co-coordinating their factions with other employees and thereby have more responsibility and autonomy.

Morale can be improved by effective profit-sharing schemes. In addition to its economic aspects, profit-sharing has also psychological aspects relating to friendly move by the management in providing the workers an opportunity to participate in the profits.

Wage and Salary Administration Policies in India for MBA MB0043 SMU Assignment

2011-10-25T00:50:00.000-07:00

It is the solved assignment of “Explain Wage Administration policy. What are the ways by which wages and salaries are managed in India?” This is the solved assignment of SMU MBA for MB0043 (Human Resource Management). You can look into these also - techniques and methods in selecting employees and individual evaluation methods of performance appraisal.

The basic purpose of wage and salary administration is to establish and maintain an equitable wage and salary structure. Its secondary objective is the establishment and maintenance of an equitable labour-cost structure i.e., an optimal balancing of conflicting personnel interests so that the satisfaction of employees and employers is maximized is concerned with the financial aspects of needs, motivation and rewards.

The term wage is commonly used for those employees whose pay is calculated according to the number of hours worked. Thus, the weekly pay check will fluctuate as the number of hours actually worked varies. The word salary applies to compensation that is uniform from one period to the next and does not depend upon the number of hours worked.

Salaried often implies a status distinction, because those who are on salary are generally white-collar, administrative, professional, and executive employees, whereas wage-earners are designated as hourly, non-supervisory, or blue-collar. Wage-earners in some organizations do receive full wage if they are absent for such reasons as sickness, whereas salaried employees, especially at the lower levels, often receive overtime pay when they work over the standard work week.

A job is defined as the collection or aggregation of tasks, duties, and responsibilities that, as a whole, is regarded as the reasonable assignment to an individual employee. A job may include many positions, for a position is a job performed by an individual and hence related to a particular employee. Thus, an employee as his position, but many positions may involve the same assignment of duties and constitute a single job. The job impersonal; the position is personal.

Individual Evaluation Methods of Performance Appraisal for SMU MB0043 MBA Assignment

2011-10-20T09:59:00.000-07:00

There is the solved assignment of “discuss Individual evaluation methods used for performance appraisal.” The assignment has been solved for SMU MBA of MB0043 (Human Resource Management). You can read other assignments also - stocks and ratios and techniques and methods in selecting employees also.

You can evaluate an employee individually in five ways. These ways can be categorized into:

Graphic Rating Scale:

The most widely used performance evaluation technique is a graphic rating scale. In this technique, the evaluator is presented with a graph and asked to rate employees on each of the characteristics listed. The ratings can be in a series of boxes, or they can be a continuous scale (0-9) or so. In the latter case, the evaluator places a check above descriptive words ranging from none to maximum.

Forced Choice:

The forced-choice method of evaluation was developed because other methods used at the time led to a preponderance of higher ratings, which made promotion decisions difficult. In forced choice, the evaluator must choose from a set of descriptive statements about the employee.

Essay Evaluation:

In the essay technique of evaluation, the evaluator is asked to describe the strong and weak aspects of the employee’s behavior. In some enterprises, the essay technique is the only one used; in others, the essay is combined with another form, such as a graphic rating scale. In this case, the essay summarizes the scale, elaborates on some of the ratings, or discusses added dimensions not on the scale.

Management by Objectives:

Another individual evaluation method in use today is Management by Objectives (MBO). In this system, the supervisor and employee to be evaluated jointly set objectives in advance for the employee to try to achieve during a specific period.

Checklists and Weighted Checklists:

Another type of individual evaluation method is the checklist. In its simplest form, the checklist is a set of objectives or descriptive statements. If the Rater believes that the employee possesses a trait listed, the Rater checks the items; if not, the Rater leaves it blank. A rating score from the checklist equals the number of checks.

Techniques and Methods in Selecting Employees for MB0043 MBA Assignment

2011-09-26T20:54:00.000-07:00

“Explain the various techniques and methods used in selecting employees.” It is the solved SMU MBA assignment of MB0043 (Human Resource Management). You can take a look of phases of evolution of human resource management and stocks and ratios also.

The hiring procedures are therefore, generally long and complicated. Many employers make use of such techniques and pseudo-sciences while coming to hiring decisions. There are some popular procedures to suit individual situation:

Initial or preliminary interview
Application blank or blanks
Check of references
Psychological tests
Employment interview
Approval by the supervisor
Physical examination
Induction or orientation

Preliminary Interview:

The more non-selective the recruitment programme, the more likely it is that a preliminary interview will be required. This initial interview is usually quite short and has its object the elimination of the obviously unqualified.

Application Blank:

An application blank is a traditional, widely accepted device for getting information from a prospective applicant which will enable a management to make a paper selection. The blank provides preliminary as well as aid in the interview by indicating areas of interest and decision.

Check of References:

The use of references is common in most selection procedures, for it involves only a little time and money, and minimum of effort. The procedure places reliance on the evaluation of former employers, friends and professional personal, checks on references are made by mail or telephone, and occasionally in person, or by using a reference form.

Psychological Tests:

The next step in the procedures outlined above is that of testing. If all organizations, large and small, are considered, it is apparent that most are not using psychological tests.

Interviewing:

Interviewing is probably the most widely used single method of selection. A substantial amount of subjectivity, and there, unreliability, is to be expected from interviewing when used as a tool of evaluation.

Physical Examination:

The physical examination is an employment step found in most businessmen can vary from a very comprehensive examination and matching of an applicant’s physical capabilities to job requirements to a simple check or general physical appearance and well-being.

Phases of Evolution of Human Resource Management for MB0043 SMU MBA Assignment

2011-09-16T10:07:00.000-07:00

“Trace the phases of evolution of human resource management.” It is the solved assignment of MB0043 (Human Resource Management) for SMU MBA. You can take a look of stocks and ratios also.

Kautilya provides a systematic treatment of management of human resources as early as 4th century B.C. in his treatise titled “Artha-Shastra”.

In course of time, the guild system was followed by co-operative sector consisting of craftsmen and traders, and purporting to promote their professional interests. Indeed, numerous professional societies were formed on these lines with their own systematic procedures and policies to nature their own interests.

The concept of “Varnashram” or caste system was originally based on these principles. The individuals who used to earn their livelihood by engaging themselves in activities such as teaching, sacrifice or state management were designated as Brahmins while those specializing in fighting were termed as Kshatriyas.

As regards Indian economy in Mediaeval India, although there was a lull because of numerous foreign aggressions for around 700 years, during the Mughal rules, the trade and commerce were revived.

Accordingly, the workers were entirely helpless in the face of the organized and powerful European planters. Explicitly, during post-independence period, the activities of Personnel Department in different public and private sectors have multiplied. According to the provisions of section 49 of the Factories Act, 1948, it became obligatory for the employers to employ a Welfare Officer in factory employing 500 or more workers.

Management of human resources is being regarded as specialized profession such as that of medicine and law. In addition to the industrial relations functions the Personnel Department is responsible for other varied functions including employment, safety, training, wage and salary administration and research and development.

However, personnel counselling has been largely neglected in most of Indian enterprises. This gives rise to several grievances and lowers the efficiency of the workers.

Stocks and Ratios for MB0042 for MBA Assignment

2011-08-26T00:21:00.000-07:00

“Write a note on Stocks and Ratios theory.” It is the solved assignment of MB0042 (Managerial Economics) for SMU MBA. There are some other solved assignments for MB0042 - Law of Variable Proportion, Elasticity of Demand and Equilibrium and Disequilibrium.

Stock is always measured at a given point of time and flow is measured over a given period of time. Macro Stock Variables are inventory, capital stock, wealth, debits etc. Macro flow variables are National Income and output, consumption, investment etc.

Both stock and flow are expressed in money units. Stock may be expressed as just rupee but flows are expressed as rupees per month, rupees per year or in any time unit. The distinction between the stock and flow can be cleared with an example. Total money supply is stock but change in money supply is flow.

There are various macroeconomic ratios, which are commonly used in management decision making. Consumption-income ratio shows the relationship between income and consumption. Saving-income ratio is obtained by subtracting consumption from income. Capital-output ratio shows the number of units of capital required for each unit of output produced.

Capital-labour ratio indicates factors proportion, the combination of labour and capital in the production process. Output-labour ratio shows the labour productivity. Index number is a statistical device which shows changes of a variable over a period of time. The value of money can be measured by means of Price Index number, in this there are two price indices consumer’s price index number and wholesale price index.

Index numbers are used in measuring the change in the value of money, changes in wages, and it is also useful for planners to design the policies. Stocks deals ratios and ratios is compatible with stocks. Both are quite compatible with each other to show the basic understanding about managerial economics.

Equilibrium and Disequilibrium Theory for MB0042 for SMU MBA Assignment

2011-08-26T00:01:00.000-07:00

“Define Equilibrium and Disequilibrium.” It is the solved question of MB0042 (Managerial Economics) for SMU MBA assignment. You can take a look of some other solved assignments for MB0042 - Law of Variable Proportion, Elasticity of Demand and Pricing Policies and Objective of Pricing Policy.

Equilibrium is defined in economics as the position of rest or a state of balance or a state where there is no change required in a period of time. Equilibrium is absence of disequilibrium. Economics deals with variables, whose value changes over a period of time.

This concept of equilibrium is used in managerial economics also. Therefore, you, as management students, must understand this concept. Let us take an example of demand and supply analysis. This point where demand and supply intersect each other is the point where price settles down. This is the equilibrium price.

Whenever there is a change in demand and supply forces, this equilibrium is disturbed. But this equilibrium is restored again by interplay of demand and supply factors. There are two types of equilibriums, partial and general equilibriums. The above example is for partial equilibrium; where, it is assumed that everything in the economy is constant.

General equilibrium means equilibrium in all market and sectors. It assumes that everything depends upon everything. It emphasizes on the interdependence between different markets and sectors of economy.

Market Equilibrium is the point where the demand and supply curve intersect each other and the demand is equal to supply. If this equilibrium is disturbed, the price increases above the equilibrium. The supply will be more than the demand and this surplus and this surplus created between the sellers, drives the price down. Whereas, if the price is above the equilibrium price, there is shortage and the competition among the buyers drives the price up to the equilibrium price. The increase in the demand increases both the equilibrium quantity and equilibrium price.

Pricing Policies and Objective of Pricing Policy from MB0042 for SMU MBA Assignment

2011-08-07T23:33:00.001-07:00

It is the solved assignment of - “Define Pricing Policy. Explain the various objective of pricing policy.” It is the question of MB0042 (Managerial Economics) SMU MBA assignment. There are already some solved assignments for MB0042 - Law of Variable Proportion, Elasticity of Demand and Price Discrimination.

Pricing Policies:

The decision of pricing is very important in any business. Price once fixed is never permanent. It needs to be reviewed and revised according to the market conditions.

Objectives of Pricing Policy:

To Maximize Profits:

Every firm tries to maximize their profits. So they should have a price policy, which fetches them maximum revenue. Every firm should have a price policy keeping the long run prospects in mind.

Price Stability:

Always fluctuating price is not for the goodwill of the company. A stable price always wins the confidence of customers.

Capture the Market:

Producer’s aim is to capture the market and to do so, he fixes comparatively lower price for his product, while introducing a product to capture the lion share of market. But once they gain stability and consistency they can change their price policy.

Facing Competitive Situation:

Every producer should fix the price, keeping the price of the competitor in mind in some types of market structure; prices are fixed in such a way so as to restrict the entry of rival firms in the industry.

Ability to Pay:

The price should be fixed according to the ability of consumer to pay; high price for rich customers and low for poor customers. This can be applied in case of services given by doctors, lawyers etc.

Prices once fixed cannot be kept constant forever; it has to be revised according to the condition and the economic situation. The main objective of pricing policy is to maximize profit for the firm, stability is necessary to win the confidence of the customers and it should be able to capture enough market for the firm.

Law of Variable Proportion from MB0042 SMU MBA Assignment

2011-07-27T02:08:00.000-07:00

“Explain the Law of Variable Proportion.” The question has been solved for MB0042 (Managerial Economics) SMU MBA assignment. I have already submitted the solved assignments for MB0042 - Elasticity of Demand, Price Discrimination and Marginal Efficiency of Capital.

Law of Variable Proportion:

Total Product (TP) – Total quality of output produced by a firm.

Average Product (AP) – The total produced by a firm divided by the quantity of variable factors used to produce.

AP = TP/Q

AP – Average Product

TP – Total Product

Q – Number of Variable Factors

Marginal Product (MP) – Change in TP caused as a result of additional unit of Variable factor employed to the combination of Fixed Factor.

Law of variable proportion is also called Law of Diminishing Returns. It examines the production function when one factor varies keeping the quantities of other fixed factors constant. That is how the output varies when Variable Factors are employed to the fixed factors.

The law states, when Variable factors are increased in equal doses keeping the Fixed Factor constant, the total product will increase. But after a certain point it will increase at a diminishing rate and finally the total product starts decreasing.

Assumption:

This law is subject to certain assumptions:

1. The state of technology is given

2. Only one factor of production must be variable. In the example illustrated below, we have taken it as labour

3. There are some inputs, which are kept constant of fixed

In the above table, first column shows fixed factor as the land, say 5 acres. Second column shows labour as variable factor. Third column shows Total Product which changes due to change in the variable factor. Fourth column shows AP which is derived by dividing TP with Q. Fifth column, is MP which is derived by change in TP with change in Q. In the above table, at the fourth unit of variable factor, the total product reaches maximum and then starts has reached its maximum at third unit of variable factor. Marginal product starts falling first, average product follows it and total product falls last.

Marginal Efficiency of Capital and Factors of MEC for MB0042 Managerial Economics MBA Assignment

2011-07-26T08:40:00.000-07:00

It is the solved assignment of – “What is Marginal efficiency of Capital? Describe the factors determine MEC.” The question has been submitted for MB0042 (Managerial Economics) SMU MBA assignment. There are already Elasticity of Demand and Price Discrimination from MB0042.

Managerial Efficiency of Capital (MEC) – any investment decision depends not only on rate of interest but also whether or not the expected rate of returns on the investment is greater than cost of borrowing the funds,. In these two factors, the MEC is an important factor because MEC is the expected rate of returns from the investment. If the returns expected are low, then the investment is not profitable because in short run, rate of interest is stable.

In MEC, capital means the real productive assets. MEC depends on expected rate of returns of a capital asset over its life time which is also called Prospective Yield and the supply price of capital assets. Any business man will weigh the prospective yield with the supply price before investing.

Factors Affecting MEC:

Expected demand for future – if the demand is expected to increase, the decrease in future, the prospective yield will be low and so the MEC. So the change in expectation gives sudden ups and downs in investment decisions.

Level of income – when people experience gains through reduction in tax or gains in bullish market, the businessmen become more optimistic as they know when income increases, the demand will increase and so the MEC is high and it is the other way when there are huge losses.

When consumption changes – In real life, whenever there is a shift in consumption Function, the MEC also changes.

Business expectation – Investment is something which gives returns only in the future. Any decision on investment depends on the return which the businessmen expect in future. If the environment is optimistic that leads to more expectations in future.

MEC and Business Expectation:

MEC depends on the businessmen’s expectations, which increases due to invention and goes down due to any threat to the returns on investment. It is also affected by the annual spirit of the entrepreneur. That is why investments are not always calculations but also irrational optimism. Business expectations are based on existing events and partly future facts.

Elasticity of Demand and Its Factors for MB0042 MBA Assignment

2011-06-14T09:12:00.000-07:00

This is the solved assignment of – “What is Elasticity of Demand? Explain the factors determining it.” It is written for MB0042 (Managerial Economics) SMU MBA assignment. We already have explained about price discrimination and categories of environmental stressors.

Factors Influencing Price Elasticity of Demand:

Nature of Commodity - By the nature of commodity, we divide them into comfort, luxury and necessity. For luxuries and comforts the Ep> 1 because when prices of these commodities decrease, the demand for these commodities will also increase; whereas in case of necessities, the Ep<1 because when the price of these commodities decrease, the demand for these commodities will increase by less than proportionate.

Availability of substitutes – For those commodities which have enough substitutes in the market, the price elasticity is of more than one, because when the price of a commodity has many substitutes, the consumer will shift to the substitute available in the market.

Number of Uses – Those commodities which have many or multiple uses like coal, milk. For such commodities, the elasticity is more than one as they can be used for more than one purpose. So, if the price of such commodity decreases, there will be increase in the demand. But for those commodities which have very less use of limited uses, the demand will be relatively inelastic.

Durability of commodity – Durable goods is those which last for many years. E.g.: motorcycle, TV, washing machines, etc. The price elasticity of demand for durable goods will be more than one because when the price of such commodities increases, the demand will increase, but for the commodities like fish, vegetables etc., which come under perishable goods, the elasticity of demand will be less than one as these commodities cannot be stored. So even if the price decreases, the demand will not increase.

Consumer’s Income – The price elasticity of demand will be relatively elastic for overall commodities which the consumer’s income is high.

Price Discrimination for MB0042 MBA Assignment of SMU

2011-06-11T04:18:00.000-07:00

“What is Price Discrimination? Explain the basis of Price Discrimination.” You need to solve the assignment question for MBA Semester 1 MB0042 – Managerial Economics. It is the assignment of fall session. You can check out other assignment questions also such as - Different Categories of Environmental Stressors and Process of Negotiation.

The measurement of this sensitivity in terms of percentage is called Price Elasticity of Demand. According to Marshall, Price Elasticity of Demand is the degree of responsiveness of demand to the chance in price of that commodity.

Perfect elastic demand is a case of theoretical extremity. When a small change in price leads to a very substantial change in quantity demand, the price elasticity is numerically infinite.

When a demand for the product is independent of price, such demand remains unaffected with any magnitude of change in price.

To make relatively elastic simpler, we can say that any small change in price leads to a big change in quantity demanded. It can be an increase or decrease.

When there is less then proportionate change in demand to the change in price, we say that the demand is relatively inelastic that is Ep<1.

In numerical co-efficient of price elasticity of demand in different cases, we find that its value ranges from zero to infinite.

For those commodities which have enough substitutes in the market, the price elasticity is of more than one, because when the price of a commodity has many substitutes, the consumer will shift to the substitute available in the market.

The price elasticity of demand for durable goods will be more than one because when the price of such commodities increases, the demand will increase, but for the commodities like fish, vegetables etc., which come under perishable goods, the elasticity of demand will be less than one as these commodities cannot be stored.

Different Categories of Environmental Stressors for SMU MBA MB0038 Assignment

2011-06-04T07:17:00.000-07:00

It is the solved assignment of “The environmental stressors have a great impact on work performance and adjustment of the individual in an organization. Discuss the different categories of environmental stressors.” You can get the advantage of it for SMU MBA MB0038 assignment like process of negotiation and groupthink.

Environmental and internal conditions that lie beyond an individual’s control are called environmental stressors. Such stressors can have a considerable impact on work performance and adjustment. We can organize environmental stressors into the following categories:

Task Demands: Task demands are factors related to a person’s job. They include the design of the individual’s job, working conditions, and the physical work layout. Changes and lack of control are two of the most stressful demands people face at work.

Role Demands: The social-psychological demands of the work environment may be every bit as stressful as task demands at work. Role demands relate to pressures placed on a person as a function of the particular role he or she plays in the organization.

Role conflict results from inconsistent or incompatible expectations communicated to a person. The conflict may be an inter-role, intra-role or person-role conflict.

Inter-personal Demands: Interpersonal demands are pressures created by other employees. Lack of social support from colleagues and poor interpersonal relationships can cause considerable stress, especially among employees with a high social need. Abrasive personalities, sexual harassment and the leadership style in the organization are interpersonal demands for people at work.

Physical Demands: Non-work demands create stress for people, which carry over into the work environment or vice versa. Workers subject to family demands related to marriage, child rearing and parental care may create role conflicts or overloads that are difficult to manage. In addition to family demands, people have personal demands related to non-work organizational commitments such as religious and public service organizations.

Process of Negotiation for MB0038 MBA Assignment

2011-06-02T09:54:00.000-07:00

The solved assignment is being prepared – “Explain the process of negotiation” question. This is the assignment of SMU MBA MB0038. You can read about groupthink and classical era for evolution also.

Negotiation is the process through which the parties to a conflict define what they are willing to give and accept in an exchange. Negotiation permeates the interactions of almost everyone in groups and organizations. If the conflict is complex, the negotiation process may incorporate different strategies for different issues: avoiding some, compromising on others, and so on.

Steps in Negotiation:

Preparation: Preparation for negotiations should begin long before the formal negotiation begins. Each party gathers information about the other side – its history, likely behavior, previous interaction and previous agreements reached by the parties.

Evaluation of Alternatives: The two sides attempt to identify the bargaining range. The bargainers determine the alternatives acceptable to them and also identify their best alternative if a negotiated settlement is not reached.

Identifying Interests: Negotiators act to satisfy their own interests which may include substantive, relationship, personal or organizational ones. The person or group must assess the other party’s interests and then decide how to respond to those interests in their offers.

Making Trade-offs and Creating Joint Gains: Bargainers use trade-offs to satisfy their own and other’s interests. Either position would meet the interest of maintaining a certain standard of living.

Negotiating Approaches:

Distributive Bargaining: Distributive bargaining is an approach in which the goals of one party are in direct conflict with the goals of the other party.

Integrative Negotiation:

Under this approach to negotiation, the parties’ goals are not seen as mutually exclusive; the focus is on making it possible for both sides to achieve their objectives.

Third-Party Negotiations:

When individuals and group reach a stalemate and are unable to resolve their differences through direct negotiations, especially when a conflict is emotionally charged, they may turn to a third party to help them find a solution.

Negotiation is also one of the tactics. It is the process through which the parties to a conflict define what they are willing to give and accept in an exchange.

An Explanation about Groupthink for MB0038 SMU MBA Assignment

2011-06-02T09:05:00.000-07:00

It is the solved assignment of – “What is groupthink?” question. Student of SMU MBA MB0038 can use the solved assignment if it is useful for them. I have already shared classical era for evolution of organization behavior and factors of influencing perception.

According to Irving Janis, groupthink is “a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral resulting from in-group pressures”. Thus, the overemphasis on consensus and agreement leads members to be unwilling to evaluate group members’ ideas critically. This hinders decision-making and becomes an obstacle to group productivity. Certain conditions favour the development of groupthink.

1) The first condition is high cohesiveness. Cohesive groups tend to avoid conflicts and to demand conformity.
2) The second is other antecedents including directive leadership, high stress, insulation of the group and lack of methodical procedures for developing and evaluating alternatives.

A group suffering from groupthink displays recognizable symptoms.

Symptoms of Groupthink and how to prevent it:

Illusions of invulnerability: Group members feel they are above criticism. This symptom leads to excessive optimism and risk taking.

Illusions of group morality: Group members feel they are moral in their actions and therefore above reproach. This symptom leads the group to ignore the ethical implications of their decisions.

Illusions of unanimity: Group members believe there is unanimous agreement on the decisions. Silence is misconstrued as consent.

Rationalization: Group members concoct explanations for their decisions to make them appear rational and correct. The results are that other alternatives are not considered, and there is an unwillingness to reconsider the group’s assumptions.

Guidelines for Preventing Groupthink:

Ask each group member to assume the role of a critical evaluator by actively voicing objections or doubts.

Have the leader avoid stating his or her position on the issue prior to the group decision.

Crate several groups that work on the decision simultaneously.

Bring in outside experts to evaluate the group process.

A number of methods for countering social loafing exist, such as having identifiable individual contributions to the group product and member self-evaluation systems. For example, if each group member is responsible for a specific input to the group, a members’ failure to contribute will be noticed by everyone.

Classical Era for Evolution of Organization Behaviour for MB0038 SMU MBA Assignment

2011-05-23T22:43:00.000-07:00

The solved assignment is written for – “write a note on classical era for evolution of Organization behaviour” question. It is the solved assignment for Management Process and Organization Behavior (MB0038) SMU MBA. You can see factors influencing perception assignment also in this category.

Classical conditioning is one of the simplest forms of learning, yet it has a powerful effect on our attitudes, likes and dislikes, and emotional responses. We have all learned to respond in specific ways to a variety of words and symbols. Our lives are profoundly influenced by associations we learn through classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov’s research on the conditioned reflex in dogs revealed much of what we know about the principles of classical conditioning.

Classical conditioning is modifying behavior so that a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and elicits an unconditioned behavior. Ian Pavlov, a Russian psychologist developed classical conditioning theory based on his experiments to teach a dog to salivate in response to the ringing of a bell. When Pavlov presented meat to the dog, he noticed a great deal of salvation. But, when merely bell was rung, no salivation was noticed in the dog. What Pavlov did next was to link the meat and the ringing of the bell.

Classical conditioning introduces a simple cause-and-effect relationship between one stimulus and response. It also makes the response reflective or involuntary after the stimulus-response relationship has been established.

This leaves no ground for making choices, which factor differentiates human beings from dogs. Under certain situations, classical conditioning does explain human behavior. For example, if a student is always reprimanded by his Principle when he is summoned to the principal’s office, he may become nervous whenever asked to come to the principal’s office because of this association.

Classical conditioning has real limitation in its acceptability to human behavior in organizations. An alternate approach to classical conditioning was proposed by B.F Skinner, known as Operant Conditioning, in order to explain the more complex behavior of human, especially in an organizational setting.

Factors of Influencing Perception for MB0038 SMU MBA Assignment

2011-05-22T23:58:00.000-07:00

It is the solved assignment of “What are the factors influencing perception?” question. The assignment question is written for SMU MBA MB0038 assignment. We already have shared some solved assignments for MB0038 - Classification of Personality Types of Myers and Briggs and Methods of Shaping Behavior.

Factors Influencing Perception:

A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside:

1) In the perceiver
2) In the object or target being perceived or
3) In the context of the situation in which the perception is made

1. Characteristics of the perceiver: Several characteristics of the perceiver can affect perception. When an individual looks at a target and attempts to interpret what he or she stands for, that interpretation is heavily influenced by personal characteristics of the individual perceiver. The major characteristics of the perceiver influencing perception are:

a) Attitudes: The perceiver’s attitudes affect perception. This attitude will doubtless affect his perceptions of the female candidates he interviews.

b) Moods: Moods can have a strong influence on the way we perceive someone. We think differently when we are happy than we do when we are depressed.

c) Motives: Unsatisfied needs or motives stimulate individuals and may exert a strong influence on their perceptions.

d) Self-Concept: Another factor that can affect social perception is the perceiver’s self-concept. An individual with a positive self-concept tends to notice positive attributes in another person.

e) Interest: The focus of our attention appears to be influenced by our interests. Because our individual interest differs considerably, what one person notices in a situation can differ from what others perceive.

f) Cognitive Structure: Cognitive Structure, an individual’s pattern of thinking, also affects perception. Some people have a tendency to perceive physical traits, such as height, weight, and appearances more readily.

g) Expectations: Finally, expectations can distort your perceptions in that you will see what you expect to see. The research findings of the study conducted by Sheldon S Zalkind and Timothy W Costello on some specific characteristics of the perceiver reveal

Knowing oneself makes it easier to see others accurately.

One’s own characteristics affect the characteristics one is likely to see in others.

People who accept themselves are more likely to be able to see favourable aspects of other people.

Accuracy in perceiving others is not a single skill.

These four characteristics greatly influence how a person perceives others in the environmental situation.

Classification of Personality Types of Myers and Briggs for MB0038 SMU MBA Assignment

2011-05-06T04:52:00.000-07:00

You need to “explain the classification of personality types given by Myers –Briggs” for SMU MBA MB0038 assignment. We already have discussed about methods of shaping behavior and a note on the managerial roles from MB0038.

Mayers-Briggs developed the Mayers-Briggs type indicator, a commercially available questionnaire, which is widely used in business and training, etc. and which provides information and exercises for better understanding one’s own personality type and others with who the individual interacts and works.

Keirsey has renamed and re-conceptualized the Jungian types, but they relate very closely to the Jungian types. Keirsey refers to “temperaments” rather than personality.

Underlying all these typologies are four personality traits (functions):

1. Extroversion (E) --- Introversion (l)

Do you recharge your energy via external contact & activity (Extroversion) or spending time in your inner space (Introversion)?

2. Intuition (N) – Sensing (S)

Do you rely on your inner voice (Intuition) or observation (Sensing)?

3. Thinking (T) – Feeling (F)

When making decisions, what do you rely most on? Your thoughts or your fellings?

4. Judgment (J) – Perception (P)

Do you tend to set schedules and organize your life (Judgment), or do you tend to leave the options open and see what happens (Perception)?

Using the letters above, it is possible to have a unique 4 letter code to indicate each of the 16 Jungian personality types, e.g., I am an INTJ.

Methods of Shaping Behavior for MB0038 SMU MBA Assignment

2011-04-28T07:19:00.000-07:00

It is the solved assignment of “Discuss the methods of shaping behavior in detail.” It is an assignment question of SMU MBA MB0038. You can read other assignments also - a note on the managerial roles and skills and Buffered Input Stream and Buffered Output Stream.

Organizational behavior is not a discipline in the usual sense of the term but rather an eclectic field of study that integrates the behavioral sciences into the study of human behavior within organizations. Organizational behavior is a young field of inquiry, in terms of the use of scientific techniques. To learn that the study of human behavior in Organizations is not an exact science is in itself a significant realization. One of the failings of the scientific management movement was its belief that human behavior was easily predicted. So, while the field of Organizational behavior may be inexact, it is realistic.

Organizational behavior is neither a purely scientific area of inquiry nor a strictly intellectual endeavor. It involves the study of abstract ideas, such as valance and expectancy in motivation, as well as the study of concrete matters, such as observable behaviors and physiological symptoms of distress at work. Therefore learning about Organizational behavior is a multidimensional activity.

The study of Organizational behavior requires skill development and the mastery of abilities essential to successful functioning in Organizations.

Many of these skills, such as decision making and information management, are directly related to the study of Organizational behavior. Developing skills is different from acquiring objective knowledge because it requires structured practice and feedback.

Objective knowledge and skill development in order to apply both are appropriately in specific organizational settings. The internal and external perspectives offer alternative examinations for human behavior.

A Note on the Managerial Roles and Skills for SMU MB0038 MBA Assignment

2011-04-20T10:01:00.000-07:00

The question is – “Write a note on the managerial roles and skills.” This is the solved assignment Sikkim Manipal University (SMU) MBA Assignment MB0038. You can take a view of Buffered Input Stream and Buffered Output Stream.

To meet the many demands of performing their functions, managers assume multiple roles. Henry mintzberg has identified ten roles common to the work of all managers. The ten roles are divided into three groups: interpersonal, informational, and decisional. The informational roles link all managerial work together. The interpersonal roles ensure that information is provided. The decisional roles make significant use of the information. The performance of managerial roles and the requirements of these roles can be played at different times by the same manager and to different degrees depending on the level and function of management. The ten roles are described individually, but they form an integrated whole.

The idea of a role comes from sociology and is the pattern of actions expected of a person in his activities involving others. It arises as a result of the position that he occupies in a group in a given situation. Thus, a manager who occupies different positions in different situations plays different roles because people in each situation have different expectations of him concerning his functions.

Interpersonal Roles:

The three interpersonal roles are primarily concerned with interpersonal relationships. In the figurehead role, the manager represents the organization in all matters of formality. The top-level manager represents the company legally and socially to those outside of the organization.

The Informational Role:

The direct relationships with people in the interpersonal roles place the manager in a unique position to get information. Thus, the three informational roles are primarily concerned with the information aspects of managerial work.

The Decisional Role:

The unique access to information places the manager at the centre of organizational decision-making. There are four decisional roles. In the entrepreneur role, the manager initiates change.

Buffered Input Stream and Buffered Output Stream Explanation for MI0032 SMU MBA Assignment

2011-03-03T03:16:00.000-08:00

You have to solve the question – “What are the different methods under Buffered Input Stream and Buffered Output Stream? Explain the uses of random access file over sequential access file?” This is the solved assignment Sikkim Manipal University (SMU) MBA Assignment MI0032. There are some more assignments also from Java and Web Design (MI0032) such as Various Rules for Naming a Variable in Java and Loop in Java Script.

The fileInputStream and FileOutputStream Classes:

These streams are classified as mode streams as they read and write data from disk files. The classes associated with these streams have constructors that allow you to specify the path of the file to which they are connected. The FileInputStream class allows you to read input from a file in the form of a stream. The FileOutputStream class allows you to write output to a file stream.

Example:

FileInputStream Inputfile = new FileInputStream (“Employee.dat”);

FileOutputStream outputfile = new FileOutputStream (“binus.dat”);

The BufferedlnputStream and BufferedOutputStream Classes:

The BufferedInputStream class creates and maintains a buffer for an input stream. This class is used to increase the efficiency of input operations. This is done by reading data from the stream one byte at a time. The BufferedOutputStream class creates and maintains a buffer for the output stream. Both the classes represent filter streams.

The DataInputStream and DataOutputStream Classes:

The DataInputStream and DataOutputStream Classes:

The DataInputStream and DataOutputStream classes are filter streams that allow the reading and writing of Java primitive data types.

The DataInputStream class provides the capability to read primitive data types from an input stream. It implements the methods presents in the DataInput interface.

The DataInputStream class provides methods that are complementary to the methods of DataInputStream classes. It keeps track of the number of bytes written to the output stream.

The question is specified to deal Buffered Input Stream and Buffered Output Stream in Java Script. This is the most important question for MI0032.

Loop in Java Script and Types of Looping for MI0032 SMU Assignment

2011-02-19T20:00:00.000-08:00

It is the answer of this question – “Explain with an example the for loop in Java Script? What are the other types of looping?” The question is prepared for SMU MI0032 MBA assignment. I have already shared a solved question of SMU MI0032 (Java and Web Design) assignment - Various Rules for Naming a Variable in Java.

A loop statement checks to see if some condition is true, say our condition is “Are there any invitations left?” and if that condition is true it will execute a chunk of code. Our code is this example would be stuff, lick, and seal the envelope. After the code is executed the condition is checked again, if it is true then the process begins again, if it is false, then the loop code stops execution and the script continues along.

Javascript for Loop:

The Javascript for loop resembles the for loop you might have seen in many other programming languages. It is used when you need to do a set of operations many times, with an increment of some kind after each run through the block of code.

Javascript for Loop Explained:

There are four important aspects of a Javascript for Loop:

1. The counter variable is something that is created and usually used only in the for loop to count how many times the for loop has looped.
2. The conditional statement that decides whether the for loop continues executing or not. This check usually includes the counter variable in some way.
3. The counter variable is incremented after every loop in the increment section of the for loop.
4. The code that is executed for each loop through the for loop.

This may seem strange, but 1-3 all occur on the same line of code. This is because the for loop is such a standardized programming practice that the designers felt they might as well save some space and clutter when creating the for loop.

Various Rules for Naming a Variable in Java for MI0032 MBA Assignment

2011-02-19T19:21:00.001-08:00

There is a solve question of – “Explain the various rules for naming a variable in Java? Give one example for each.” You can take it for Sikkim Manipal University (SMU) MBA Assignment MI0032. You can see some SMU MI0032 assignments also like Ecommerce Opportunities for Industries and QR System of Wal-Mart and Functions of Supply Chain Management.

Java allocates memory to each variable and constant you use in your program. As in algebra, the values of variables may change in a program, but the values of constants, as the name suggests, do not change. You must assign unique names to variables and constants. Variables names are used in a program in much the same way as they are in ordinary Algebra.

Each variable used in a program must be declared. That is to say, the program must contain a statement specifying precisely what kind of information (data type) the variable will contain. This applies to every variable used in the program, regardless of the type.

Naming Variables:

A program refers to a variable using its name. Certain rules and conventions govern the naming of variables. You must adhere to rules. Conventions help improve the readability of the program, but following them is not mandatory.

Rules for Naming Variables in Java:

A variable name:

Must not be a keyword in Java.
Must not begin with a digit.
Must not contain embedded spaces.
Can contain characters from various alphabets, like Japanese, Greek and Cyrillic.

When you learned algebraic equations in school, you used x and y to represent values in equations. Unlike pi which has a constant value of 3.14, the values of x and y not constant in equations. Java provides constants and variables to store data in programs. You can elaborate it also more by yourself.

Ecommerce Opportunities for Industries and Some Examples for MI0030 SMU Assignment

2011-01-20T18:58:00.000-08:00

It is the solved assignment of MI0030 SMU MBA Assignment. The question is - “List out the Ecommerce opportunities for industries and give an example of your understanding for all the opportunities.” The solve assignment is in the sequence of QR System of Wal-Mart and Functions of Supply Chain Management.

Global Reach: The net being inherently global, reaching global customers is relatively easy on the net compared to the world of bricks.

Cost of acquiring, serving and retaining customers. It is relatively cheaper to acquire new customers over the net; thanks to 24 x 7 operations and its global reach.

An extended enterprise is easy to build. In today’s world every enterprise is a part of the ‘connected economy’; as such, you need to extend your enterprise all the way to your suppliers and business partners like distributors, retailers and ultimately your end-customers.

Disintermediation: Using the internet, one can directly approach the customers and suppliers, cutting down on the number of levels an in the process, cutting down the costs.

Improved customer service to your clients: It results in higher satisfaction and more sales.

Power to provide the ‘best of both the worlds’: It benefits the traditional business side-by-side with the internet tools.

A technology-based customer interface: In a brick-and-mortar business, customers conduct transactions either face-to-face or over the phone with store clerks, account managers, or other individual.

The customer controls the interaction: At most websites, the customer is in control during screen-to-face interaction, in what the web largely employs a ‘self service’ model for managing commerce or community-based interaction. The customer controls the search process, the time spent on various sites; the degree of price/product comparison, the people with whom he or she comes in control can rest with either the buyer/seller or the community member.

Knowledge of customer behaviour: While the customer controls the interaction, the firm has unprecedented access to observe and track individual consumer behaviour. Companies, through a third-party measurement firm such Vividness and Accrue; can track a host of behaviours on web sites visited, length of stays on a site, page views on a site.

QR System of Walmart and Functions of Supply Chain Management for MI0030 MBA Assignment

2011-01-20T18:37:00.000-08:00

You have to solve the questions - “Why did Walmart implemented QR system” and “What are the functions of supply chain management?” These two questions are related to MI0030 (E-Commerce and Web Design) SMU MBA 4th semester. Last time we had talked about “How was ‘protectionism’ practiced?”

QR systems was implemented in the 1980s by Wall-Mart. Wal Mart invested half a billion dollars in computer and satellite communications networks, bar-code systems, scanners, and other QR equipment linking each point-of-sale terminal to distribution centers and headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas. Many believe that it was this system that enabled Wal-Mart to manage the explosive retail sales growth that catapulted the company to number one position in the US retail business.

The system enabled the company to maintain high service levels and increase sales while reducing the inventory costs to one-fourth of previous levels. Also by empowering its individual stores to order directly from suppliers, even overseas, individual Wal-Mart stores reduced inventory restocking time from an industry average of six weeks to thirty-six hours. Moreover, by tracking every sale through the point-of-sales devices to see what product was selling in large quantities, Wal-Mart stores were better able to keep their stores well stocked while maintaining tight inventories and low prices.

Supply Chain Management Functions:

Supplier Management: The goal is to reduce the number of suppliers and get them to become partners in business in a win/win relationship.

Inventory Management: The goal is to shorten the order-ship-bill cycle. When a majority of partners are electronically linked, information faxed or mailed in the past can now be sent instantly.

Distribution Management: The goal is to move documents related to shipping (bills of landing, purchase orders, advanced ship notices, and manifest claims).

Channel Management: The goal is to quickly disseminate information about changing operational conditions to trading partners.

Payment Management: The goal is to link the company and the suppliers and distributors so that payments can be sent and received electronically.

Financial Management: The goal is to enable global companies to manage their money in various foreign exchange accounts.

Sales Force Productivity: The goal is to improve the communication and flow of information among the sales, customer and production functions.

In sum, the supply chain management process increasingly depends on electronic markets because of global sourcing of products and services to reduce costs, short product life cycles, and increasingly flexible manufacturing systems resulting in a variety of customizable products.

How was ‘protectionism’ practiced? An Assignment of SMU MB0037

2011-01-09T19:27:00.000-08:00

Students have to solve the question - “How was ‘protectionism’ practiced?” It is the question of SMU MBA MB0037 (International Business Management). It is the next assignment question of “exchange rate arrangements of developing and transition countries” and “five major product strategies in international marketing” for Sikkim Manipal University MBA MB0037.

Although trade generally benefits a country as a whole, powerful interests within countries frequently put obstacles – i.e., they seek to inhibit free trade. There are several ways this can be done:

Tariff barriers: A duty, or tax or fee, is put on products imported. This is usually a percentage of the cost of the good.

Quotas: A country can export only a certain number of goods to the importing country. For example, Mexico can export only a certain quantity of tomatoes to the United States, and Asian countries can send only a certain quota of textiles here.

“Voluntary” export restraints: These are not official quotas, but involve agreements made by countries to limit amount of goods they export to an importing country. Such restraints are typically motivated by the desire to avoid more stringent restrictions if there exporters do not agree to limit themselves. For example, Japanese car manufacturers have agreed to limit the number of automobiles they export to the United States.

Subsidies to domestic products: If the government supports domestic producers of a product, these may end up with a cost advantage relative to foreign producers who do not get this subsidy. U.S. honey manufacturers receive such subsidies.

Non-tariff barriers, such as the different standards in testing foreign and domestic products for safety, disclosure of less information to foreign manufacturers needed to get products approved, slow processing of imports at ports of entry, or arbitrary laws which favour domestic manufacturers.

Justifications for protectionism: Several justifications have been made for the practice of protectionism. Some appear to hold more merit than others.

Protectionism tends to lead to additional tariffs or other protectionist measures by other countries in relations, reduced competition, a weakening of the trade balance.

About Five Major Product Strategies In International Marketing For MBA MB0037 Assignment

2011-01-09T19:08:00.000-08:00

The question is - “discuss in brief the five major product strategies in international marketing.” The assignment question is solved very professionally. It is in the series of “exchange rate arrangements of developing and transition countries” and “bill of lading” for SMU MBA MB0037 assignment.

There are five major product strategies in international marketing:

Product Communications Extensions:

This strategy is very low cost and merely takes the same product and communication strategy into other markets. However it can be risky if misjudgments are made. For example, CPC international believed the US consumer would take to dry soups, which dominate the European market. It did not work.

Extended Product – Communications Adaptation:

If the product basically fits the different needs or segments of a market it may need an adjustment in marketing communications only. Again this is the low cost strategy, but different product functions have to be identified and a suitable communications mix developed.

Product Adaptation – Communications Extension:

The product is adapted to fit usage conditions but the communication stays the same. The assumption is that the product will serve the same function in foreign markets under different usage conditions.

Product Adaptation – Communications Adaptation:

Both product and communication strategies need attention to fit the peculiar need of the market.

Product Invention:

This needs a totally new idea to fit the exclusive conditions of the market. This is very much a strategy which could be ideal in a Third World situation. The development costs may be high, but the advantages are also very high.

The choice of strategy will depend on the most appropriate product/market analysis and is a function of the product itself defined in terms of the function or need it serves, the market defined in terms of the conditions under which the product is used, the preferences of the potential customers and the ability to buy the product in question, and the costs of adaptation and manufacture to the company considering these product – communications approaches.

About Exchange Rate Arrangements for Developing and Transition Countries for MB0037 Assignment

2010-12-17T20:04:00.000-08:00

You have to solve the question - “Describe briefly the exchange rate arrangements of developing and transition countries.” The assignment question is a sequel of International Business Management SMU MBA MB0037. There are already some solved assignments of MB0037 like - “current issues in globalization” and “bill of lading”.

There is considerable diversity in the exchange rate regimes of developing and transition countries, from very hard currency pegs to relatively free floats and with many variations in between. This is not surprising in view of the wide differences among these countries in economic and financial circumstances. However, as these countries have adapted to expanding opportunities arising from deeper involvement in an increasingly integrated global economy and to changes in their own economic situations, there has been a shift toward greater flexibility, for the following reasons:

Gross capital flows to developing countries have risen considerably since the early 1980s, increasing the potential for large and sudden reversals in net flows that would make pegged rates more difficult to maintain;

Consistent with the trend toward globalization, many developing economies now trade with a wider range of partner countries. Countries with single-currency pegs are exposed to the wide fluctuations among major currencies.

Recent crises involving emerging market economies – from the “tequila crisis” of 1994-1995 that originated in Mexico through the Asian/Russian/Brazilian crises of 1997-99 – have led some observers to conclude that pegged exchange rate regimes are inherently crisis-prone, and that emerging market countries should be encouraged, in the interests of themselves and the international community, to adopt floating rate regimes.

In considering this conclusion, it is important to stress a critical caveat: while recent crises have directly and adversely affected many emerging market economies linked to global financial markets, they have only indirectly affected the majority of developing and transition countries. And factors other than the relative fixity of their exchange rate regimes were, of course, at the root of the problems of the most affected countries.

A Note on Bill of Landing for MBA MB0037 SMU Assignment

2010-12-17T19:43:00.000-08:00

It is the solved assignment question of SMU MBA MB0037. The question is – “Write a note on bill of lading.” The assignment question is the part of International Business Management of MBA MB0037. I have already shared some solved assignment of MB0037 like - “understanding of regional economic integration”, “How has WTO Benefited Economies? and “current issues in globalization”.

A Bill of Landing is a type of document that is used to acknowledge the receipt of a shipment of goods and is an essential document in transporting goods overland to the exporter’s international carrier. A through Bill of Landing involves the use of at least two different modes of transport from road, rail, air and sea. The term derives from the noun “bill”, a schedule of costs for services supplied or to be supplied, and from the verb “to lade” which means to load a cargo onto a ship or other form of transport.

In addition to acknowledging the receipt of goods, a Bill of Landing indicates the particular vessel on which the goods have placed their intended destination, and the terms for transporting the shipment to its final destination. Inland, ocean, through and airway bill are the names given to bills of landing.

Upon receipt of the letter of credit, the credit professional should review all items carefully to insure that what is expected of the seller is fully understood and that he can comply with all the terms and conditions. When compliance is in question, the buyer should be requested to amend the credit.

The credit professional should be familiar with two types of letters of credit: commercial and standby. Commercial letters of credit are used primarily to facilitate foreign trade. The commercial letter of credit is the primary payment mechanism for a transaction.

The standby letter of credit serves a different function. The standby letter of credit serves as a secondary payment mechanism. The bank will issue the credit on behalf of a customer to provide assurance of his ability to perform under the terms of contract.

Describe the Current Issues in Globalization for SMU MBA MB0037 Assignment

2010-12-08T18:38:00.000-08:00

Take the solved assignment – “Describe the current issues in globalization” for SMU MBA MB0037 assignment. The assignment question is the part of International Business Management MBA MB0037 in sequence of “understanding of regional economic integration” and “How has WTO Benefited Economies?”

Globalization is not just a recent phenomenon. Some analysts have argued that the world economy was just as globalized 100 years ago as it is today. But today commerce and financial services are far more developed and deeply integrated than they were at that time.

The most striking aspect of this has been the integration of financial markets made possible by modern electronic communication.

The 20th century saw unparalleled economic growth, with global per capita GDP increasing almost five-fold. But this growth was not steady – the strongest expansion came during the second half of the century, a period of rapid trade expansion accompanied by trade – and typically somewhat later financial – liberalization.

This was a major factor in the devastation of this period, when per capita income growth fell to less than 1% during 1913-1950. For the rest of the century, even though population grew at an unprecedented pace, per capita income growth was over 2%, the fastest pace of all coming during the post – World War boom in the industrial countries.

The story of the 20th century was of remarkable average income growth, but it is also quite obvious that the progress was not evenly dispersed. The gaps between rich and poor countries and rich and poor people within countries have grown.

The richest quarter of the world’s population saw its per capita GDP increase nearly six-fold during the century, while the poorest quarter experienced less than a three-fold increase. Income inequality has clearly increased. But, as noted below, per capita GDP does not tell the whole story as current issues in globalization.

An Understanding on Regional Economic Integration for MB0037 MBA Assignment

2010-12-08T18:15:00.000-08:00

It is the solved assignment of – “Show your understanding of regional economic integration” question for SMU MBA MB0037 assignment. The International Business Management assignment is associated with “Is A World Wide Standardization a Major Issue in the Wake of Globalization?” and “How has WTO Benefited Economies?”

Regional integration can take many forms, and nowhere is this more evident than in the vastly different integration process taking place in the regions of Europe and East Asia. The subject of this paper is regional integration as it has developed in East Asia with a focus on the drivers of that integration. While the paper is not intended as a direct comparison of integration in East Asia and Europe, it will include some comparisons between the two regions.

Integration in East Asia has progressed very slowly and is still in an early stage despite that the process has continued for decades. In fact, it could be said that the process began centuries ago – even as far back as the 15th century. By comparison, European integration has progressed steadily and has gradually depended over the last 50 years to reach an advanced stage today with a common currency and well-developed regional institutions. Thus, the speed of progression and the level of integration attained in the two regions are quite dissimilar.

In addition to these differences, the drivers behind the integration process in each region are different. In Europe, the origins of integration have been institutional in nature, and the development of institutions has been prominent throughout the process.

Thus, regional institutions have been the driving force behind integration in Europe. In East Asia, the development of regional institutions has also occurred, however, progress in this area has been slow and the few existing institutions are fairly weak and ineffective.

Nevertheless, regional integration is taking place in East Asia, but the driving force is the market rather than policy or institutions. Corporations and the production networks they have established are driving integration in East Asia.

How has WTO Benefited Economies?

2010-12-07T18:22:00.000-08:00

Question of the solved assignment is – “How has WTO benefitted economies? Discuss briefly.” It has been taken from MB0037 SMU MBA (International Business Management) in the sequence of “Will Culture be eroded in the Wake of Globalization?” and “Is A World Wide Standardization a Major Issue in the Wake of Globalization?”

The failure to start a new round of multilateral trade negotiations at the WTO conference in Seattle in 1999 was a setback for the international trading system. Such broad-based multilateral negotiations are particularly important become they provide an opportunity for countries to gain visible benefits for their exporters from market opening by others.

This provides an added incentive for countries to open their own markets, and to overcome opposition from the entrenched interests benefiting from protection. In this way, the packages of trade liberalization measures that result for these negotiations are assured of benefiting all of the participating countries.

A new round of negotiations would raise global growth prospects and strengthen the internal trading system. The IMF considers a successful trade round to be an important step toward meeting the goal of making globalization work for the benefit of all.

As demand for localized products increases, everyone from established multinational technology vendors, to consumer electronics companies, and small start-ups are reviewing their internal product globalization process. They are finding that localization projects are fragmented and dispersed throughout the organization and that activities are inconsistent, unresponsive and unwieldy. As a result, international roll-outs are delayed, and revenues are unpredictable. Overall globalization strategy should include a repeatable globalization methodology, independent of target language that becomes part of the product release cycle.

They are finding that localization projects are fragmented and dispersed throughout the organization and that activities are inconsistent, unresponsive and unwieldy. As a result, international rollouts are delayed, and revenues are unpredictable.

Is A World Wide Standardization a Major Issue in the Wake of Globalization?

2010-12-07T18:05:00.000-08:00

Write the solved assignment of – “‘A world wide standardization is a major issue in the wake of globalization’ Discuss.” for SMU MBA MB0037. The solved assignment question is in the sequence of “Will Culture be eroded in the Wake of Globalization?” and “Are Crises the Essential Feature of Globalization?”

In the software industry, “simultaneous worldwide release” has become a mantra to keep increasingly internet-enabled consumers buying. In the recreational products industry, companies want a “global brand” and position, regardless of local eccentricities. Instituting a consistent, dependable localization methodology is a sure-fire way to maintain high global standards for product introductions and continued high levies of product service.

Whether outsourcing, vending, or managing the process internally, leading companies are consolidating their previously disparate localization activities into one coordinated process with a senior management sponsor. They are reaping paybacks in lower costs, higher velocity, and sustainable quality.

Successful global companies have recognized the need for localized product user interfaces. They know that the days are gone when Americans heavy manufactured exports only needed their “on-off” switch translated into different languages. With software and semiconductors permeating everything from PCs to refrigerators to automobiles, companies must adopt more pervasive product localization programs than ever before.

For instance, a 1998 sports utility vehicle has more computing power than the original PC. As a result, dashboard displays, controls brochures and the traditional glove box material all constitute part of the “user interface”. The challenge for automotive manufacturers is to break the localization activities for each of these parts away from their production or functional operating groups, and centralize localization in order to achieve consistent terminology and an even “look and feel” for the product.

Overall globalization strategy should include a repeatable globalization methodology, independent of target language that becomes part-and-parcel of the product release cycle. The main benefit to this approach is cost control.

Will Culture be eroded in the Wake of Globalization?

2010-12-04T20:59:00.000-08:00

It is the solved assignment of – “Will culture be eroded in the wake of globalization?” question from SMU MBA MB0037. The solved assignment is in the sequence of “Global Aspect of Globalisation in the Current World” and “Are Crises the Essential Feature of Globalization?”

Anxiety about globalization also exists in advanced economies. How real is the perceived threat that competition from “low-wage economies” displaces workers from high-wage jobs and decreases the demand for less skilled workers? Are the changes taking place in these economies and societies a direct result of globalization?

Economies are continually evolving and globalization is one among several other continuing trends. One such trend is that as industrial economies mature, they are becoming more service-oriented to meet the changing demands of their population.

Another trend is the shift toward more highly skilled jobs. But all the evidence is that these changes would be taking place – not necessarily at the same pace – with or without globalization. In fact, globalization is actually making this process easier and less costly to the economy as a wholly by bringing the benefits of capital flows, technological innovations, and lower import prices, Economic growth, employment and living standards are all higher than they would be in a closed economy.

But the gains are typically distributed unevenly among groups within countries, and some groups may lose out. For instance, workers in declining order industries may not be able to make an easy transition to new industries.

The economy as a whole will prosper more from policies that embrace globalization by promoting an open economy, and, at the same time, squarely address the need to ensure the benefits are widely shared.

Education vocational training to make sure that workers have the opportunity to acquire the right skills in dynamic changing economies and well-targeted social safety nets to assist people who are displaced.

Are Crises the Essential Feature of Globalization?

2010-12-04T20:32:00.000-08:00

The solved assignment of SMU MBA MB0037 will help you writing in the examination also. The assignment question is – “Are crises, as the recent recession of 2008 shows, the essential feature of globalization?” It is the solved assignment of Sikkim Manipal University MBA MB0037 (International Business Management). I have already written an assignment on MB0037 – “Global Aspect of Globalisation in the Current World.”

The succession of crises in the 1990s – Mexico, Thailand, Indonesia, Korea, Russia, and Brazil – suggested to some that financial crises are a direct and inevitable result of globalization. Indeed one question that arises in both advanced and emerging market economies is whether globalization makes economic management more difficult.

Supporters of globalization argue that the anti-globalization movement uses anecdotal evidence to support their protectionist view, whereas worldwide statistics strongly support globalization.

The percentage of people living on less than $2 a day has decreased greatly in areas affected by globalization, whereas poverty rates in other areas have remained largely stagnant. In East-Asia, including China, the percentage has decreased by 50.1% compared to a 2.2% increase in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Income inequality for the world as a whole is diminishing. The economist Xavier Sala-i-Martin in a 2007 analysis argues that this is incorrect, income inequality for the world as a whole has diminished. Regardless of who is right about the past trend in income inequality, arguably absolute poverty is more important than relative inequality. If everyone lived in object absolute poverty, then relative income inequality would be very low.

Although critics of globalization complain of Westernizaion, a 2005 UNESCO report showed that cultural exchange is becoming mutual. In 2002, China was the third largest exporter of cultural goods, after the UK and the US. Between 1994 and 2002, both North America’s and the European Union’s shares of cultural exports declined; while Asia’s cultural exports grew to surpass that of North America.

Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR in Today’s Context for MB0036 MBA Assignment

2010-11-07T07:44:00.000-08:00

It is the solved SMU MBA MB0036 assignment question of – “In today’s context, would you consider Corporate Social Responsibility as a cost adding activity and not the duty of Companies or as an essential role with advantages to the firm?” It is the series of Intellectual Property Rights and effects of IP rights and Credit Card system and advantage to each participant in the system.

The potential of CSR policies to strengthen the symbiotic relationship between enterprises and society has already been demonstrated in areas such as sustainable growth, education and social cohesion. CSR can support the creation of an atmosphere of trust within companies, which leads to a stronger commitment of employees and higher innovation performance. A similar atmosphere of trust in co-operation among other stakeholders can increase the external innovation performance.

Consumer confidence fostered through CSR can be a major contributor to economic growth. More specifically, through CSR practices, enterprises can play an important role in preventing and combating corruption and bribery, and in helping preventing the use of enterprises for money laundering and criminal activities financing.

CSR policies can also boost the societal benefit that enterprises create with regard to innovation. Innovation practices aiming at better jobs, safer and employee-friendly workplaces, gender mainstreaming and the innovation or technology transfer to local communities and developing countries, leading to a more equitable North-South economic and social development, are further examples of societal benefits created by innovative enterprises. Indeed, CSR may play a positive role in fostering development in third countries by helping to establish a dialogue between these countries, their public authorities, social partners and civil society and foreign companies.

Awareness of Corporate Social Responsibility issues and concerns will contribute to promote more sustainable investments, more effective development co-operation and technology transfers.

The desire of enterprises to improve their risk management is a powerful factor behind CSR. Enterprises generally agree that Corporate Social Responsibility helps them in managing their risks, their intangible assets, their internal process and their relations with internal and external stakeholders.

Intellectual Property Rights and Effects of IP Rights of Encouraging Investment in Research for MBA MB0036 Assignment

2010-11-07T07:24:00.000-08:00

It is the solved assignment of MBA MB0036 question – “Intellectual Property Rights have increased prices. Intellectual Property Rights have the effect of encouraging investment in research, resulting in new products and in reducing costs. Discuss these two apparently contradictory statements.” It is the series of Sikkim Manipal University MBA assignment of MB0036 for Strategic Management & Business Policy - Credit Card system and advantage to each participant in the system and decision support system and example of critical reporting.

There are many patents that have never been successfully transformed into new products in the marketplace – what goes wrong in these cases? In some cases, it’s because the technology was not practically feasible, or was superseded by newer technologies. In other cases, the inventor lacked the resources or skills to take the invention to the next step.

One constant factor in the development of new technologies has been the cost and difficulty of the process of putting new technologies on the market. The technical merit or scientific brilliance of an invention is only one aspect of actually bringing a new technology to the public in a useful practical form.

Intellectual property protection needs to be properly managed so that it facilitates this process, and doesn’t itself become a burden.

The problems of getting worthwhile benefits from the patent system – even for the patent owner – are not new ones, as the quotation from 120 years ago makes clear: Patenting was unnecessarily and unwisely expensive, and the poor patentee was left almost without any aid or guidance. Intellectual property rights recognize innovative and creative activities, and are intended to reward useful and valuable contribution to society.

A patent can be expensive to obtain, especially if it is applied for in many countries, and costs money to keep in force, as annual renewal fees are required in many countries. In addition, patents can be very expensive to enforce if it becomes necessary to go to court to prevent infringement. Patents recognize inventiveness, but they are neutral on the commercial value of the invention. Many patented inventions will prove to be technologically unsuccessful, or commercially unviable.

In short, obtaining registered intellectual property rights or IP rights can be expensive, and do not in themselves make you any returns for your investment. Patents can be costly liabilities to you, your business or your research institute, unless you can find a way to apply your invention commercially or can get other forms of financial support.

Credit Card System and Advantage to Each Participant in the System for MB0036 Assignment

2010-11-07T07:00:00.000-08:00

The assignment question is – “Trace the sequence of operations involved in a credit card system. What is the advantage to each participant in the system?” It is the SMU MBA MB0036 assignment in the sequence of decision support system and example of critical reporting and KRA of CFO.

A technical reason could be the wrong or no signature, wrong or no date, important details missing in the sales vouchers and so on. Despite the warnings carried on many a sales voucher both refunds and cancellations are daily occurrences.

To be considered a chargeback, the card issuer must initiate a well-defined dispute procedure. This it can do only after it has determined the reasons invalidating the transaction. A chargeback can only be initiated by the issuing financial institution. The cardholder himself has no standing in this matter and the chargeback rules and regulations are not accessible to him. He is confined to lodging a complaint with the issuer.

This is an abnormal situation whereby rules affecting the balances and mandating operations resulting in debits and credits in the bank account are not available to the account name.

The credit card company sends the transaction to the issuing bank and automatically debits the issuer.

The issuing bank debits the cardholder’s account. It issues monthly or transaction related statements to the cardholder.

Some credit card companies in some territories prefer to work directly with the cardholders. In such a case, they issue a monthly statement, which the cardholder has to pay directly to them by money order or by bank transfer. The cardholder will required providing a security to the credit card company and his spending limits will be tightly related to the level and quality of the security provided by him. The very issuance of the card is almost always subject to credit history and to an approval process.

The credit card company sends the transactions to the issuing bank and automatically debits it.

The issuing bank automatically debits the cardholder’s account. It issues monthly or transaction related statements to the cardholder.

Decision Support System and Example of Critical Reporting for SMU MB0036 Assignment

2010-11-06T20:25:00.001-07:00

It is the solved assignment of – “What is a Decision Support System? Name one example of critical Reporting for each of the Production, Marketing and Finance departments of the Company.” You can see some other solved assignments of SMU MB0036 (Strategic Management & Business Policy) such as – KRA of CFO and List and explain the objectives of a Bankruptcy Law.

Many companies in developing countries have a very detailed reporting system going down to the level of a single product, a single supplier, a single day. However, these reports – which are normally provided to the General Manager – should not be used by them at all. They are too detailed and, thus, tend to obscure the true picture. He must be alerted to unusual happenings, disturbing financial data and other irregularities.

The first level is the annual budget of the company which is really a business plan. The budget allocates amounts of money to every activity and/or department of the firm.

The second tier of financial audit and control is when the finance department is able to produce pro forma financial statements monthly.

These financial statements, however inaccurate, provide a better sense of the dynamics of the operation and should be constructed on the basis of Western Accounting Principles.

The Manager should have access to continuously updated statements of income, cash flow, and a balance sheet. The most important statement is that of the cash flow. The manager should be able to know, at each and every stage, what his real cash situation is – as opposed to the theoretical cash situation which includes accounts payable and account receivable in the form of expenses and income.

The presentation to the Board an annual plan of sales and marketing including: market penetration targets, profiles of potential social and economic categories of clients, sales promotion methods, advertising strategic investor also implements these plans or supervises their implementation.

This strategic investor is usually possessed of a brand name recognized in many countries. It is the market leaders in certain territories. It has been providing goods and services to users for a long period of time, reliably. This is an important asset, which, if properly used, can attract users. The enhancement of the brand name, its recognition and market awareness, market penetration, co-branding, collaboration with other suppliers – are all the responsibilities of the strategic investor.

Key Result Areas (KRAs) of Chief Financial Officer (CFO) for MBA MB0036 Assignment

2010-11-06T20:05:00.000-07:00

It is the question – “If you are made the CFO (Chief Financial Officer) of a Company what would you consider to be the KRAs (Key Result Areas) of your job?” It is the next solved assignment question of SMU MBA MB0036 of Strategic Management & Business Policy. You should take a look of List and explain the objectives of a Bankruptcy Law and A Business Continuity Plan is a Disaster Management Plan.

The CFO (Chief Financial Officer) is fervently hated by the workers. He is thoroughly despised by other managers, mostly for scrutinizing their expense accounts. He is dreaded by the owners of the firm because his powers that often outweigh theirs. Shareholders hold him responsible I annual meetings.

The job of the Chief Financial Officer is composed of many elements here is a universal job description which is common throughout the West.

The Chief Financial Officer is subordinated to the Chief Executive Officer, answers to him and regularly reports to him.

To regulate, supervise and implement a timely, full and accurate set of accounting books of the firm reflecting all its activities in a manner commensurate with the relevant legislation and regulation in the territories of operation of the firm and subject to internal guidelines set from time to time by the Board of Directors of the firm.

To implement continuous financial audit and control systems to monitor the performance of the firm, its flow of funds, the adherence to the budget, the expenditures, the income, the cost of sales and other budgetary items.

To timely, regularly and duly prepare and present to the Board of Directors financial statements and reports as required by all pertinent laws and regulations in the territories of the operations of the firm and as deemed necessary and demanded from time to time by the Board of Directors of the Firm.

To comply with all reporting, accounting and audit requirements imposed by the capital markets or regulatory bodies of capital markets in which the securities of the firm are traded or are about to be traded or otherwise listed.

To prepare and present for the approval of the Board of Directors an annual budget, other budgets, financial plans, business plans feasibility studies, investment memoranda and all other financial and business documents as may be required from time to time by the Board of Directors of firm.

To maintain a working relationship and to develop additional relationships with banks, financial institutions and capital markets with the aim of securing the funds necessary for the operations of the firm, the attainment of its development plans and its investments.

To alert the Board of Directors and to warn it regarding any irregularity, lack of compliance, lack of adherence, lacunas and problems whether actual or potential concerning the financial systems, the financial operations, the financing plans, the accounting, the audits, the budgets and any other matter of a financial nature or which could or does have a financial implication.

To collaborate and co-ordinate the activities of outside suppliers of financial services hired or contracted by the firm, including accounts, auditors, financial consultants, underwriters and brokers, the banking system and other financial venues.

List and Explain the Objectives of a Bankruptcy Law for MB0036 of SMU MBA Assignment

2010-11-06T19:34:00.000-07:00

It is the solved assignment of – “List and explain the objectives of a Bankruptcy Law.” It is the sequence of MB0036 Strategic Management & Business Policy MBA assignments of SMU. You should read these also - A Business Continuity Plan is a Disaster Management Plan and method and elements of a Sales projection.

The USA had many versions of Bankruptcy laws. There was the 1938 Bankruptcy Act, which was followed by amended versions in 1978, 1984 and, lately, in 1994.

Each State has modified the Federal Law to fit its special, local conditions.

Still, a few things – the spirit of the law and its philosophy are common to all the versions. Arguably, the most famous procure is named after the chapter in the law in which it is described, Chapter 11. Following is a brief discussion of chapter 11 intended to demonstrate this spirit and this philosophy.

This chapter allows for a mechanism called “reorganization”. It must be approved by two thirds of all classes of creditors and then, again, it could be voluntary or involuntary.

Chapter 7 (1978 Act) – Liquidation:

A District Court appoints an “interim trustee” with broad powers. Such a trustee can also be appointed at the request of the creditors and by them.

Chapter 11 – Reorganization:

Unless he court rules otherwise, the debtor remains in possession and in control of the business and the debtor and the creditors are allowed to work together flexibly. They are encouraged to reach a settlement by compromise and agreement rather than by court adjudication.

Chapter 10:

In short a legal hybrid, the offspring of chapters 7 and 11:

It allows for reorganization under a court appointed independent manager (trustee) who is responsible mainly for the filling of reorganization plans with the court – and for verifying strict adherence to them by both debtor and creditors.

Despite its clarity and business orientation, many countries found it difficult to adapt to the pragmatic, non sentimental approach which led to the virtual elimination of the absolute priority rule.

A Business Continuity Plan is a Disaster Management Plan for SMU MB0036 Assignment

2010-11-06T19:09:00.000-07:00

The assignment question is – “A Business Continuity Plan is a Disaster Management Plan. Discuss this statement, explaining how such a plan could be useful for a business affected by recession.” It is a MBA assignment question of Strategic Management & Business Policy. You can see some more solved assignment questions of SMU MBA MB0036 - method and elements of a Sales projection and types of capital needed for a start-up Company.

The Business Continuity Guideline is comprised of two sections: (1) the planning process and (2) successful implementation and maintenance.

It is essential that senior leadership of the organization sponsors and takes responsibility for creating, maintaining, testing, and implementing a comprehensive Business Continuity Plan (BCP). This will insure that management and staff at all levels within the organization understands that the BCP is a critical top management priority.

Such resources can include personnel, technology hardware and software, specialized equipment, general office supplies, facility/office space and critical and vital business records. Identifying, backing-up, and storing critical and vital business records in a safe and accessible location are essential prerequisites for an effective BCP. The Risk Assessment and BIA provide the foundation on which the organization’s BCP will rest, as strategies will be formulated and plans will be developed to meet the needs identified in them.

It is necessary that an appropriate administrative structure be put in place to effectively deal with crisis management. Clear definitions must exist for a management structure, authority for decisions, and responsibility for implementation. An organization should have a Crisis Management Team to lead incident/event response. The Team should be comprised of such functions as human resource, information technology, facilities, security, legal, communications/media relations, manufacturing, warehousing and other business critical support functions, with all under the clear direction of senior management or its representatives.

The Crisis Management Team may be supported by as many Response Teams as appropriate taking into account such factors as organization size and type, number of employees, location, etc. Response Teams should develop Response Plans to address various aspects of potential crises, such as damage assessment, site restoration, payroll, human resources, information technology, and administrative support, Response Plans should be consistent with and included within the overall BCP. Individuals should be recruited for membership on Response Teams based upon their skills, level of commitment, and vested interest.

Method and Elements of a Sales Projection for MB0036 SMU MBA Assignment

2010-11-06T18:50:00.000-07:00

This is the solved assignment of – “You are the Marketing Head of a multi product marketing company for consumer goods in South India. Explain the method and elements of a Sales projection for the following budget year.” The solved MBA assignment question is written for Sikkim Manipal University (SMU) MB0036 of Strategic Management & Business Policy. There are already some assignments of MB0036 such as main features of a Business Plan for a Company and types of capital needed for a start-up Company.

Present an estimate of how many people you expect will purchase your product or service. Your estimate should be based on the size of your market, the characteristics of your customers and the share of the market you will gain over your competition. Project how many unites you will sell at a specified price over several years. The initial year should be broken down in monthly or quarterly increments. Account for initial presentation and market penetration of your product and any seasonal variations in sales, if appropriate.

Describe the amount and types of financing you are seeking for your business. Are you looking for debt from a lender or equity from an investor? Refer to you start up budget and cash flow statement presented earlier. Discuss how and when you will draw on these funds and how they will affect the bottom line. Also describe any commitments or investments that you may have already secured.

If you are seeking investors, such as venture capitalists, describe what they will receive in return for their capital. What are the repayment period and the expected return on investment? Also discuss the nature of their ownership share and how it may change with future investments. Equity investors are looking for rates of return higher than rates offered by banks or other business lenders. The level of risk in your business and industry will help to determine the actual market rate, as will the availability of equity dollars.

Be prepared to negotiate. And make sure you research the investment market carefully; several socially minded investment pools exist and more are in development.

Types of Capital Needed for a Start-Up Company for MB0036 MBA Assignment

2010-11-06T08:21:00.000-07:00

It is the solved assignment of – “What are the three types of capital needed for a start-up Company?” I have already shared some SMU MBA assignments from Strategic Management & Business Policy (MB0036) for you such as features of a Business Plan for a Company, 4 Main Areas of Strategic Alliances and implementation of the strategy by CEO of a company.

Financial feasibility of your planned venture provides several financial reports and statements to document why your business will be a viable enterprise and a sound investment. There are three types of capital needed for a start-up company:

Start-up Budget:

Describe the initial expenses you will incur to get your business sup and running. Some items you might include in your start-up budget research and product design and development expenses, legal incorporation and licensing expenses, facility purchase or rental, equipment and vehicle purchase or rental, and initial material or supply purchase. You can use Worksheet B as a sample format for preparing your start-up budget.

Cash Flow Projection:

This statement presents a month-to-month schedule of the estimated cash inflows and outflows of your business for the first year. This schedule should indicate how much money your business will have or need and when you will need it. You should describe your sources of income and capital detailing your projected sales revenues and indicating your own or investor equity contribution, lenders, investors and other sources of capital. Itemize your projected expenses, distinguishing between the costs of goods sold, overhead expenses.

Income Statement:

Prepare of multiyear statement projected revenues, expenses, capital expenditures and cost of goods sold. If you make assumptions about the growth of your business, provide supporting documentation such as growth patterns of similar companies or studies that forecast an industry-wide growth rate. This statement should indicate to the reader of potential of your business to generate cash and its profitability over time. For an existing business, also submit an income statement to determine whether your business can support the additional debt you are requesting.

Features of a Business Plan for a Company with Production and Marketing Operations for MB0036 Assignment

2010-11-06T08:00:00.000-07:00

This is the solved assignment of SMU MBA for Strategic Management & Business Policy. The question is – “Explain the main features of a Business Plan for a Company with production and marketing operations.” You can view implementation of the strategy by CEO of a company.

There are some examples of a business plan for a company with production and marketing operations:

Revenue Generation:

Your organization may hope to create a business that will generate sufficient net income or profit to finance other programs, activities or services provided by your organization.

Employment Creation:

A new business venture may create job opportunities for community residents or the constituency served by your organization.

Neighborhood Development Strategy:

A new business venture might serve as an anchor to a deteriorating neighborhood commercial area, attract additional business to the area and fill a gap in existing retail services.

Establish Goals:

Once you have identified goals for a new business venture, the next step in the business planning process is to identify and select the right business. Many organizations may find themselves starting at this point in the process. Business opportunities may have been dropped at your doorstep.

Local Market Study:

Whether your goal is to revitalize or fill space in a neighborhood commercial district or to rehabilitate vacant housing stock, you should conduct a local market study. A good market study will measure the level of existing goods and services provided in the area, and assess the capacity of the area to support existing and additional commercial or home-ownership activity.

Analysis of Local and Regional Industry Trends:

Another method of investigating potential business opportunities is to research local and regional business and industry trends. You may be able to identify which business or industrial sectors are growing or declining in your city, metropolitan area or region.

Internal Capacity:

The board, staff or membership of your organization may possess knowledge and skills in a particular business sector or industry.

Identify Business Opportunities:

You will also need to assess the customer or client base and determine whether its members will remain loyal to the business after it changes hands.

Implementation of the Strategy by CEO of a Company for SMU MBA MB0036 Assignment

2010-11-06T01:42:00.000-07:00

Assignment question is – “You have taken over as CEO of a Company and have formulated a Strategy document to improve its share value by 50% in 3 years. What steps would you follow in the implementation of the Strategy?” We have already discussed about 4 Main Areas of Strategic Alliances for Strategic Management & Business Policy.

There are three alternatives to improve the sales performance of a business unit, to fill the gap between actual sales and targeted sales:

Intensive Growth

Integrative Growth

Diversification Growth

Intensive Growth:

It refers to the process of identifying opportunities to achieve further growth within the company’s current business. To achieve intensive growth, the management should first evaluate the available opportunities to improve the performance of its existing current business.

Integrative Growth:

It refers to the process of identifying opportunities to develop or acquire business that are related to the company’s current business. More often, the business process have to be integrated for linear growth in the profits. The corporate plan may be designed to undertake backward, forward or horizontal integration within the industry.

Alternatively, if this company acquires some of it’s most profitably operating intermediaries such as wholesalers or retailers, it is forward integration. If the company legally takes over or acquires the business of any of its leading competitors, it is called horizontal integration.

Diversification Growth:

It refers to the process of identifying opportunities to develop or acquire business that are not related to the company’s current business. This makes sense when such opportunities outside the present business are identified with attractive returns and that industry has business strengths to be successful. In most cases, this is planned with new products that have technological or marketing synergies with existing business to cater to a different group of customers.

A printing press might shift over to offset printing with computerized content generation to appeal to higher-end customers and also add new application areas – or even sell stationery. Alternatively, the company might choose new business that has nothing to do with the current technology, products or markets.

TAPARIA, CEO of Rajashree comments followed a value enhancement strategy to capture the market dominated by 43 grades, where ACC and L & T were market leaders. He noticed that nobody thought of the market-positioning slot superior grade 53, which, despite high rice, leads to overall savings due to less consumption. He expected that a shift from 43 to 53 grades would require convincing, for which channel support and its participation in communication were essential.

4 Main Areas of Strategic Alliances and Purposes of Strategic Alliances for MB0036 MBA Assignment

2010-10-25T19:37:00.000-07:00

You have to write the assignment for “What are the four main areas of Strategic Alliances among two or more Companies? Explaining the purpose/s of each, briefly” question. It is the solved assignment for Strategic Management and Business Policy of MB0036 Sikkim Manipal University. I have already written an assignment of MBA MB0036 - Business Plan and its Purpose.

Strategic alliances constitute another viable alternative. Companies can develop alliances with the members of the strategic group and perform more effectively. These alliances may take in 4 main areas with their purposes:

a) Product and/or service alliance: Two or more companies may get together to synergies their operations, seeking alliance for their products and/or services. The product or service alliance may take any of the following forms:

A manufacturing company may grant license to another company to produce its products. The necessary market and product support, including technical know-how, is provided as part of the alliance. Coca-cola initially provided such support to Thums Up.

Two companies may jointly market their products which are complementary in nature. Chocolate companies more often tie up with toy companies. TV channels tie-up with Cricket boards to telecast entire series of cricket matches live.

Two companies, who come together in such an alliance, may produce a new product altogether. Sony Music created a retail corner for itself in the ice-cream parlours of Baskin-Robbins.

b) Promotional alliance: Two or more companies may come together to promote their products and services. A company may agree to carry out a promotion campaign during a given period for the products and/or services of another company. The Cricket Board may permit Coke’s products to be displayed during the cricket matches for a period of one year.

c) Logistic alliance: Here the focus is on developing or extending logistics support. One company extends logistics support for another company’s products and services. For example, the outlets of Pizza Hut, Kolkata entered into a logistic alliance with TDK Logistics Ltd., Hyderabad, to outsource the requirements of these outlets from more than 30 vendors all over India – for instance, meet and eggs from Hyderabad etc.

d) Pricing collaborations: Companies may join together for special pricing collaborations. It is customary to find that hardware and software companies in information technology sector offer each other price discounts. Companies should be very careful in selecting strategic partners. The strategy should be to select such a partner who has complementary strengths and who can offset the present weaknesses. The acid test of an alliance is greater sales at lesser cost. It is a common practice to develop organizational structures or modify them, if necessary, to support the alliance and make them successful.

Database and Properties of Database for MI0025 SMU MBA Assignment

2010-09-30T11:01:00.000-07:00

“Explain what is meant by Database? What are its properties?” it is the question of SMU MBA assignment for Database Management Systems. It is the solved assignment for students of Sikkim Manipal University with Information System (IS) specialty MBA MI0025. You can see Design Heuristics for Effective Modularity for MI0024 MBA assignment. You can suggest me some other questions also for the SMU MBA assignments.

Database is one of the many primary resources that are used by many people in an organization. DBMS and related software are the secondary resources. Administering this secondary resource is the responsibility of the Database Administrator.

He usually has the complete authority to access and monitor the database. He is responsible for creating, modifying, and maintaining the Database. He grants permission to the users of the database. He stores the profile of each user in the database. He defines procedures to recover the database resulting from failures due to human, natural or hardware courses.

System analyst collects the information regarding requirements of the end users and develops specifications for caned transactions that meet their requirements.

Application programmers implement specifications developed by the System Analysts in the form of programs, they are also responsible to test, debug, document and maintain these programs.

Tools are the third party optional software packages which are not available with the DBMS. They include packages for DB design, performance, monitoring, graphical interacts. In many cases independent software vendors develop and market these tools. They are called Tool Developers.

A DBMS is a complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database. The four most common types of organizations are the hierarchical, network, relational and object models. A database query language and report writer allow users to interactively interrogate the database, analyze its data and update it according to the users privileges on data.

Design Heuristics for Effective Modularity from MI0024 MBA Assignment

2010-08-17T00:51:00.000-07:00

“Summarize design heuristics for effective modularity.” The question of SMU MBA assignment for Software Engineering (MI0024) has to solve students. It is one more solved assignment for students of Sikkim Manipal University with Information System (IS) specialty MBA MI0024. There are already some assignments of MBA MI0024 for students of SMU - Formal technical reviews, COCOMOL model and Linear Sequential Model.

Once the program structure has been developed, effective modularity can be achieved by applying the design concepts introduced earlier in this chapter. The program structure can be manipulated according to the following set of heuristics:

Evaluate the “first iteration” of the program structure to reduce coupling and improve cohesion. Once the program structure has been developed, modules may be exploded or imploded with an eye toward improving module independence. An exploded module becomes two or more modules in the final program structure. An imploded module is the result of combining the processing implied by two or more modules.

Attempt to minimize structures with high fan-out; strive for fan-in as depth increases. The structure shown inside the cloud does not make effective use of factoring. All modules are “packed” below a single control module. In general, a more reasonable distribution of control is shown in the upper structure.

Keep the scope of effective a module within the scope of control of that module.

The scope of effect of module is defined as all other modules that are affected by a decision made in module. The scope of control of module is all modules are subordinate and ultimately subordinate to module; if module makes a decision that affects module we have a violation of this heuristic, because module lies outside the scope of control module.

Evaluate module interfaces to reduce complexity and redundancy and improve consistency. Module interface complexity is a prime cause of software errors. Interfaces should be designed to pass information simply and should be consistent unrelated data passed via an argument list or other technique is an indication of low cohesion.

Define modules whose function is predictable, but avoid modules that are overly restrictive. A module is predictable when it can be treated as a black box; that is, the same external data will be produced regardless of internal processing details. Modules that have internal “memory” can be unpredictable unless care is taken in their use.

Strive for “controlled entry” modules by avoiding “pathological connections.” This design heuristic warns against content coupling. Software is easier to understand and therefore easier to maintain when module interfaces are constrained and controlled.

Formal Technical Reviews for MI0024 MBA Assignment of SMU

2010-08-03T20:01:00.000-07:00

“Explain the formal technical reviews.” It is the question of SMU MBA assignment for Software Engineering (MI0024). It is for students of Sikkim Manipal University with Information System (IS) specialty MBA MI0024. I have already written some assignments of MBA MI0024 for students of SMU - Earned value is a measure of progress, COCOMOL model and Linear Sequential Model.

A formal technical review is a software quality assurance activity performed by software engineers (and others). The objectives of the FTR are (1) to uncover errors in function, logic, or implementation for any representation of the software; (2) to verify that the software under review meets its requirements; (3) to ensure that the software has been represented according to predefined standards; (4) to achieve software that is developed in a uniform manner; and (5) to make projects more manageable. In addition, the FTR serves as a training ground, enabling junior engineers to observe different approaches to software analysis, design, and implementation. The FTR also serves to promote backup and continuity because a number of people become familiar with parts of the software that they may not have otherwise seen.

(1) The review Meeting:

The review meeting is attended by the review leader, all reviewers, and the producer. One of the reviewers takes on the role of the recorder; that is, the individual who records (in writing) all important issues raised during the review. The FTR begins with an introduction of the agenda and a brief introduction by the producer.

(2) Review Reporting and Record Keeping:

The review summary report is a single page form (with possible attachments). It becomes part of the project historical record and may be distributed to the project leader and other interested parties.

(3) Review Guidelines:

Guidelines for the conduct of format technical reviews must be established in advance, distributed to all reviewers, agreed upon, and then followed. A Review that is uncontrolled can often be worse that no review at all.

Explain Earned value is a Measure of Progress for Software Engineering Assignment of SMU MBA

2010-07-18T20:08:00.000-07:00

“Earned value is a measure of progress. Explain this statement.” This is the question of this SMU MBA assignment for Software Engineering (MI0024). Students of Sikkim Manipal University with Information System (IS) specialty MBA MI0024 can write the assignment. There are some other Software Engineering assignments also of SMU MBA - COCOMOL model, Linear Sequential Model and 4GL Technologies.

Earned value analysis provides the project manager with an indication of progress, but an assessment of the information provided is somewhat subjective. It is reasonable to ask whether there is a quantitative technique for assessing progress as the software team progresses through the work tasks allocated to the project schedule. In fact, a technique for performing quantitative analysis of progress does exist. It is called earned value analysis (EVA).

The earned value system provides a common value scale for every (software project) task, regardless of the type of work being performed. The total hours to do the whole project are estimated, and every task is given an earned value based on its estimated percentage of the total.

Stated even more simply, earned value is a measure of progress. It enables us to assess the “percent of completeness” of a project using quantitative analysis rather than rely on a gut feeling. In fact, Fleming and Koppleman argue that earned value analysis “provides accurate and reliable readings of performance from as early as 15% into the project”.

To determine the earned value, the following steps are performed:

1. The budgeted cost of work scheduled (BCWS) is determined for each work task represented in the schedule. The work of each software engineering task is planned.

2. The BCWS values for all work tasks are summed to derive the budget at completion,

BAC. Hence, BAC=_(BCWSk) for all tasks k

3. Next, the value for budgeted cost of work performed (BCWP) is computed. The value for BCWP is the sum of the BCWS values for all work tasks that have actually been completed by a point in time on the project schedule.

COCOMOL Model of MI0024 Software Engineering for MBA Assignment

2010-07-14T09:29:00.000-07:00

“Explain COCOMOL model.” You have to solve the question of SMU MBA MI0024 for Software Engineering. MBA students of Information System (IS) of Sikkim Manipal University MI0024 can write the assignment. I already have shared some other MI0024 MBA assignments also such as - Linear Sequential Model and 4GL Technologies.

In this classic book on “software engineering economics,” Barry Boehm [BOE81] introduced a hierarchy of software estimation models bearing the name COCOMO, for constructive cost model. The original COCOMO model became one of the most widely used and discussed software cost estimation models in the industry. It has evolved into a more comprehensive estimation model, called COCOMO II [BOE96, BOE00]. Like its predecessor, COCOMO II is actually a hierarchy of estimation models that address that following areas:

Application composition model: Used during the early stages of software engineering, when prototyping of user interfaces, consideration of software and system interaction, assessment of performance, and evaluation of technology maturity are paramount.

Early design stage model: Used once requirements have been stabilized and basic software architecture has been established.

Post-architecture-stage model: Used during the construction of the software.

The Software Project Plan is a relatively brief document that is addressed to a diverse audience. It must (1) communicate scope and resources to software management, technical staff, and the customer; (2) define risks and suggest risk aversion techniques; (3) define cost and schedule for management review; (4) provide an overall approach to software development for all people associated with the project; and (5) outline how quality will be ensured and change will be managed.

This is, the project team revisits the plan repeatedly – updating risks, estimates, schedules and related information – as the project proceeds and more is learned.

Similarly, the degree of detail contained within the schedule section may vary with the audience and formality of the plan. It is the important to note that the Software Project Plan is not a static document.

Linear Sequential Model in Software Engineering of MI0024 for SMU MBA Assignment

2010-07-06T20:32:00.000-07:00

“Explain Linear Sequential Model.” It is the question of SMU MBA MI0024 for Software Engineering. Students of Information System (IS) of Sikkim Manipal University MBA MI0024 can write the assignment. There are some other MI0024 MBA assignments also such as - software process and different models and 4GL Technologies.

The linear sequential model suggests a systematic, sequential approach to software development. It begins at the system level and progress through analysis, design, coding, testing and support. Modeled after a conventional engineering cycle, the linear sequential model encompasses the following activities:

System/information engineering and modeling: Because software is always part of a larger system (or business), work begins by establishing requirements for all system elements and then allocating some subset of these requirements to software. This system view is essential when software must interact with other elements such as hardware, people and databases.

Software requirements analysis: The requirements gathering process is intensified and focused specifically on software. To understand the nature of the program(s) to be built, the software engineer (“analyst”) must understand the information domain for the software, as well as required function, behavior, performance and interface.

Design: Software design is actually a multistep process that focuses on four distinct attributes of a program: data structure, software architecture, interface representations and procedural detail. The design process translates requirements into a representation of the software that can be assessed for quality before coding begins.

Code generation: The design must be translated into a machine-readable form. The code generation step performs this task.

Testing: Once the code has been generated, program testing begins. The testing process focuses on the logical internals of the software, ensuring that all statements have been tested and on the functional externals, that is, conducting tests to uncover errors and ensure that defined input will produce actual results that agree with the required results.

Support: Software will undoubtedly undergo change after it is delivered to the customer. Change will occur because errors have been encountered, because the software must be adapted to accommodate changes in its external environment or because the customer requires functional or performance enhancements.

The linear sequential model requires his and has difficult accommodating the natural uncertainty that exists at the beginning of many projects.

4GL Technologies for MBA Assignment of MI0024 Software Engineering

2010-06-22T21:34:00.000-07:00

“What are 4GLs explain in brief.” The question has been taken from MI0024 SMU MBA of Software Engineering. It is the question of Information System (IS) for Sikkim Manipal University MBA MI0024. I have already shared software process and different models also for MI0024 assignment.

For small applications, it may be possible to move directly from the requirements gathering step to implementation using a nonprocedural fourth generation language (4GL), or a model composed of a network of graphical icons.

However, for larger efforts, it is necessary to develop a design strategy for the system, even if a 4GL is to be used. The use of 4GT without design (for large projects) will cause the same difficulties (poor quality, poor maintainability, poor customer acceptance) that have been encountered when developing software using conventional approaches.

Implementation using a 4GL enables the software developer to represent desired results in a manner that leads to automatic generation of code to create those results. Obviously, a data structure with relevant information must exist, and be readily accessible by the 4GL. To transform a 4GT implementation into a product, the developer must conduct through testing, develop meaningful documentation, and perform all other solution integration activities that are required in other software engineering paradigms. In addition, the 4GT developed software must be built in a manner that enables maintenance to be performed expeditiously.

Like all software engineering paradigms, the 4GT model has advantages and disadvantages. Proponents claim dramatic reduction in software development time and greatly improved productivity for people who build software. Opponents claim that current 4GT tools are not all that much easier to use than programming languages, that the resultant sources code produced by such tools is ‘inefficient,” and that the maintainability of large software systems developed using 4GT is open to question. 4GT begins with a requirements gathering step.

Software Process and Different Models Involved In This Process for MI0024 MBA Assignment

2010-06-06T21:15:00.000-07:00

“Explain the software process and different models involved in this process.” This is MI0024 SMU MBA question assignment. The question has been taken from Software Engineering for Information System (IS) of SMU MBA MI0024. I have decided to write the assignment question after Branch and Bound Technique to solve an I.P.P. problem.

In the recent years, there has been a significant emphasis on “process maturity.” The Software Engineering Institute (SEI) has developed a comprehensive model predicated on a set of software engineering capabilities that should be present as organizations reach different levels of process maturity. To determine an organization’s current state of process maturity, the SEI uses an assessment that results in a five point grading scheme.

To solve actual problems is an industry setting, a software engineer or a team of engineers must incorporate a development strategy that encompasses the process, methods, and tools layers. All software development can be characterized as a problem solving loop in which four distinct stages are encountered: status quo, problem definition, technical development and solution integration.

This problem solving loop applies to software engineering work at many different levels of resolution. It can be used at the macro level when the entire application is considered, at a mid-level when program components are being engineered and even at the line of code level.

Software Process Models:

The Linear Sequential Model: Sometimes called the classic life cycle or the waterfall model, the linear sequential model suggest a systematic, sequential approach to software development that begins at the system level and progress through analysis, design, coding, testing and support.

The Prototyping Model: Often, a customer defines a set of general objectives for software but does not identify detailed input, processing, or output requirements.

The Incremental Model: The incremental model combines elements of the linear sequential model with the iterative philosophy of prototyping.

The Spiral Model: The spiral model, originally proposed by Boehm [BOE88], is an evolutionary software process model that couples the iterative nature of prototyping with the controlled and systematic aspects of the linear sequential model.

The RAD Model: Rapid application development (RAD) is an incremental software development process model that emphasizes an extremely short development cycle.

The intent of software engineering is to provide a framework for building software with higher quality. Software engineering is a discipline that integrates process, methods and tools for the development of computer software.

Branch and Bound Technique to solve an I.P.P. Problem for MB0032 SMU MBA Assignment

2010-05-27T02:07:00.000-07:00

“Describe the Branch and Bound Technique to solve an I.P.P. problem.” This is MB0032 SMU MBA question assignment. It is solved assignment of Operation Research chapter of Sikkim Manipal University. I already have shared North-West Corner rule, Matrix Minimum Method and Integer Programming Problem assignments also of SMU MBA MB0032.

Sometimes a few or all the variables of an IPP are constrained by their upper or lower bounds or by both. The most general technique for the solution of such constrained optimization problems is the branch and bound technique.

To explain how this partitioning helps, let us assume that there were no integer restrictions, and suppose that this then yields an optimal solution to LPP.

Then the solution having the larger value for z is clearly optimum for the given IPP. However, it usually happens that one of these problems has no optimal solution satisfying and thus some more computations are necessary. We now discuss step wise the algorithm that specifies how to apply the partitioning and in a systematic manner to finally arrive at an optimum solution.

We start an initial lower bound for z, say z at the first iteration which I less than or equal to the optimal value z, this lower bound may be taken as the starting Lj for some Xj.

In addition to the lower bound z, we also have a list of LPP’s differing only in the bounds. To start with the master list contains a single LPP consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. We now discuss below, the step by step procedure that specifies how the partitioning 6 and 7 can be applied systematically to eventually get an optimum integer – valued solution.

Now, on terming we find that only two feasible integer solution namely 5 and 6 have been recorded. The best of these gives the optimum solution to the given IPP. Hence the optimum integer solution to the given IPP is:

Z0 = 55, X1 = 4, X2 = 3.

North West Corner Rule for Finding the Initial Basic Feasible Solution in the Transportation Problem from MB0032 Assignment

2010-05-16T21:27:00.000-07:00

“Describe the North-West Corner rule for finding the initial basic feasible solution in the transportation problem.” The question has been taken from MB0032 MBA assignment of SMU. This question has been taken from Operation Research chapter of Sikkim Manipal University. We already have discussed about MODI method, Matrix Minimum Method and Integer Programming Problem in this series.

North West Corner Rule:

Step 1: The first assignment is made in the cell occupying the upper left hand (North West) corner of the transportation table. The maximum feasible amount is allocated there, that is X11 = min (a1, b1).

So that either the capacity of origin O1 is used up or the requirement at destination D1 is satisfied or both. This value of X11 is entered in the upper left hand corner (Small Square) of cell (1, 1) in the transportation table.

Step 2: If b1 > a1 the capacity of origin O, is exhausted but the requirement at destination D1 is still not satisfied, so that at least one more other variable in the first column will have to take on a positive value. Move down vertically to the second row and make the second allocation of magnitude X21 = min (a2, b1 – x21) in the cell (2, 1). This either exhausts the capacity of origin O2 or satisfies the remaining demand at destination D1.

If a1 > b1 the requirement at destination D1 is satisfied but the capacity of origin O1 is not completely exhausted. Move to the right horizontally to the second column and make the second allocation of magnitude X12 = min (a1 – x11, b2) in the cell (1, 2). This either exhausts the remaining capacity of origin O1 or satisfies the demand at destination D2.

If b1 = a1, the origin capacity of O1 is completely exhausted as well as the requirement at destination is completely satisfied. There is a tie for second allocation; an arbitrary tie breaking choice is made. Make the second allocation of magnitude X12 = min (a1 – a1, b2) = 0 in the cell (1, 2) or X21 = min (a2, b1 – b2) = 0 in the cell (2, 1).

Step 3: Start from the new north west corner of the transportation table satisfying destination requirements and exhausting the origin capacities one at a time, move down towards the lower right corner of the transportation table until all the rim requirements are satisfied.

Transportation Problem and MODI Method of Solving Transportation Problem From MB0032 Assignment

2010-05-02T21:14:00.000-07:00

The question is – “What do you understand by the transportation problem? What is the basic assumption behind the transportation problem? Describe the MODI method of solving transportation problem.” It has been taken from MB0032 assignment of SMU MBA. It is the question of Operation Research book of Sikkim Manipal University. I am back with this question after the - Matrix Minimum Method, Integer Programming Problem and Penalty Cost Method or Big-M Method for Solving LPP.

Transportation Problem:

Here we study an important class of linear programs called the transportation model. This model studies the minimization of the cost of transporting a commodity from a number of sources to several destinations. The supply at each source and the demand at each destination are known.

The objective is to develop an integral transportation schedule that meets all demands from the inventory at a minimum total transportation cost.

Basic Assumption behind Transportation Problem:

Let us consider a T.P involving m-origins and n-destinations. Since the sum of origin capacities equals the sum of destination requirements, a feasible solution always exists. Any feasible solution satisfying m+n-1 of the m + n constraints is a redundant one and hence can be deleted. This also means that a feasible solution to a T.P can have at the most only m + n – 1 strictly positive components, otherwise the solution will degenerate.

It is always possible to assign an initial feasible solution to a T. P. in such a manner that the rim requirements are satisfied. This can be achieved either by inspection or by following some simple rules. We begin by imagining that the transportation table is blank i.e. initially all Xij = 0. The simplest procedures for initial allocation discussed in the following section.

MODI Method of Solving Transportation Problem:

The first approximation to (2) is always integral and therefore always a feasible solution. Rather than determining a first approximation by a direct application of the simplex method it is more efficient to work with the table given below called the transportation table. The transportation algorithm is the simplex specialized to the format of table it involves:

a) Finding an integral basic feasible solution
b) Testing the solution for optimality
c) Improving the solution, when it is not optimal
d) Repeating steps (1) and (2) until the optimal solution is obtained

The solution of T.P. is obtained in two stages. In the first stage we find basic feasible solution by any one of the following methods a) North-west corner rale b) Matrix Minima method or least cost method c) Vogel’s approximation method. In the second stage we test the B.Fs for its optimality either by MODI metod or by stepping stone method.

Integer Programming Problem and Gomory’s All-I.P.P. Method for Solving the I.P.P. Problem from MB0032 MBA Assignment

2010-04-18T20:21:00.000-07:00

This is the most probable assignment question of Operation Research for MB0032 SMU MBA. The question is “What do you understand by the Integer Programming Problem? Describe the Gomory’s All-I.P.P. method for solving the I.P.P. problem.” You already have taken many solved assignments from SMU MBA MB002 such as - classification of Operations Research models, Matrix Minimum Method and Penalty Cost Method or Big-M Method for Solving LPP.

An integer programming problem can be described as follows:

Determine the value of unknowns X1, X2, …, Xn

So as to optimize z = C1X1 + C2X2 + … CnXn

Subject to the constraints

ai1 X1 + ai2 X2 + … + ain Xn = bi, i = 1,2, …, m

and xj ≥ 0 j = 1, 2, …, n

where xj being an integral value for j = 1, 2, …, k ≤ n.

If all the variables are constrained to take only integral value i.e. k = n, it is called an all (or pure) integer programming problem. In case only some of the variables are restricted to take integral value of rest (n – k) variables are free to take any one negative values, then the problem is known as mixed integer programming problem.

Gomory’s All – IPP Method:

An optimum solution to an I. P. P. is first obtained by using simplex method ignoring the restriction of integral values. In the optimum solution if all the variables have integer values, the current solution will be the desired optimum integer solution. Otherwise the given IPP is modified by inserting a new constraint called Gomory’s or secondary constraint which represents necessary condition for integrability and eliminates some non integer solution without losing any integral solution.

After adding the secondary constraint, the problem is then solved by dual simplex method to get an optimum integral solution. If all the values of the variables in this solution are integers, an optimum inter-solution is obtained, otherwise another new constrained is added to the modified L P P and the procedure is repeated.

An optimum integer solution will be reached eventually after introducing enough new constraints to eliminate all the superior non integer solutions. The construction of additional constraints, called secondary or Gomory’s constraints is so very important that it needs special attention.

Matrix Minimum Method and The Initial Basic Feasible Solution In The Transportation Problem for MB0032 Assignment

2010-04-11T20:58:00.000-07:00

This question comes from Operation Research assignment of MB0032 for SMU MBA. The question is “Describe the Matrix Minimum method of finding the initial basic feasible solution in the transportation problem.” From the SMU MBA MB002 assignment I already have shared about classification of Operations Research models and Penalty Cost Method or Big-M Method for Solving LPP.

Matrix Minimum Method:

Step 1: Determine the smallest cost in the cost matrix of the transportation table. Let it be Cij, Allocate Xij = min (aj, bj) in the cell (i, j).

Step 2: If Xij = aj cross off the ith row of the transportation table and decrease bj by ai go to step 3.

If xij = bj cross off the ith column of the transportation table and decrease ai by bj go to step 3.

If Xij = ai = bj crosss off either the ith row or the ith column but not both.

Step 3: Repeat steps 1 and 2 for the resulting reduced transportation table until all the rim requirements are satisfied whenever the minimum cost is not unique make an arbitrary choice among the minima.

The Initial Basic Feasible Solution:

Let us consider a T.P involving m-origins and n-destinations. Since the sum of origin capacities equals the sum of destination requirements, a feasible solution always exists. Any feasible solution satisfying m+n -1 of the m+n constraints is a redundant one and hence can be deleted. This also means that a feasible solution to a T.P can have at the most only m + n -1 strictly positive component, otherwise the solution will degenerate.

It is always possible to assign an initial feasible solution to a T.P. in such a manner that the rim requirements are satisfied. This can be achieved either by inspection or by following some simple rules. We begin by imagining that the transportation table is blank i.e. initially all Xij = o. The simplest procedures for initial allocation discussed in the following section.

Penalty Cost Method or Big-M Method for Solving LPP for MBA MB0032 Assignment

2010-04-04T21:06:00.000-07:00

Write the question from Operation Research assignment of MB0032 for SMU MBA. The question is “Describe the Penalty Cost method (Big M Method) for solving L.P.P.” From the SMU MBA MB002 assignment you already have gotten classification of Operations Research models.

Consider a L.P.P. when at least one of the constraints is of the type ≥ or =. While expressing in the standard form, add a non negative variable to each of such constraints. These variables are called artificial variables. Their addition causes violation of the corresponding constraints, since they are added to only one side of an equation, the new system is equivalent to the old system of constraints if and only if the artificial variables are zero. To guarantee such assignments in the optimal solution, artificial variables are incorporated into the objective function with large positive coefficients in a minimization program or very large negative coefficients in a maximization program. These coefficients are denoted by ± M.

Whenever artificial variables are part of the initial solution Xo, the last row of simplex table will contain the penalty cost M. The following modifications are made in the simplex method to minimize the error of incorporating the penalty cost in the object function. This method is called Big M-method to penalty cost method.

1. The last row of the simplex table is decomposed into two rows, the first of which involves those terms not containing M, while the second involves those containing M.

2. The step 1 of the simplex method is applied to the last row created in the above modification and followed by steps 2,3 and 4 until this row contains no negative elements. Then step 1 of simplex algorithm is applied to those elements next to the last row that are positioned over zero in the last row.

3. Whenever an artificial variable ceases to be basic, it is removed from the first column of the table as a result of step 4, it is also deleted from the top row of the table as is the entire column under it.

4. The last row is removed from the table whenever it contains all zones.

5. If non-zero artificial variables are present in the final basic set, then the program has no solution. In contrast, zero valued artificial variables in the final solution may exist when one or more of the original constraints equations are redundant.

Classification of OR Models and Operation Research Problem Solving for MB0032 Assignment

2010-03-28T22:28:00.000-07:00

The question is related to Operation Research assignment of MB0032 for SMU MBA. The question is “Describe the broad classification of Operations Research models in details. Name the different steps needed in OR approach of problem solving?” However, we already have solved significance of reviewing ROI.

A model is a representation of the reality. It is an idealized representation or abstraction of a real life system. A model is helpful in decision making as it provides a simplified description of complexities and uncertainties of a problem in logical structure.

A) Physical Model: It includes all form of diagrams, graphs and charts. They are designed to deal with specific problems. They bring out significant factors and inter-relationship in pictorial firm so as to facilitate analysis.

B) Mathematical Model: It is known as symbolic models also. It employs a set of mathematical symbols to represent the decision variable of the system.

C) By Nature of Environment: We have 1) Deterministic model in which every thing is defined and the results are certain. Eg: EOQ model 2) Probabilistic Models in which the input and output variables follow a probability distribution. Eg: Games Theory.

D) By the extent of Generality: The two models belonging to this class are 1) General models can be applied in general and does not pertain to one problem only. Eg: Linear programming 2) Specific model is applicable under specific condition only. Eg: Sales response curve or equation as a function of advertising is applicable in the marketing function alone.

Methodology of Operations Research:

The basic dominate characteristic feature of operations research is that it employs mathematical representations or model to analyze problems. This distinctive approach represents an adaptation of the scientific methodology used by the physical sciences. The scientific method translates a real given problem into a mathematical representation which is solved and transformed into the original context. The OR approach problem solving consists of the following steps:

Definition of the Problem

Construction of the Model

Solution of the Model

Validation of the Model

Implementation of the Final Result

Meaning of Baseline and Reviewing Process of Baseline from MB0033 Assignment

2010-03-17T00:36:00.000-07:00

The question is the part of Project Management of MB0033 assignment of SMU MBA. It is – “What is meant by baseline? How is it reviewed?” You already have gotten many assignments in this category such as - Deming’s philosophy relevant to Project Management, How can risks be prioritized in a Project Management, Main Considerations in Planning P2M, significance of reviewing ROI and Introduction to ScMo Supply Chain Monitoring. Now, you will get a new assignment about “What is meant by baseline? How is it reviewed?”

The Baseline created can be used to compare the original project plan with actual events and achievements. This will display the days required for each task and project phase. For actual operating instruction phase refer the Microsoft project user handbook.

After creating a baseline, if the project has begun, it is necessary to enter actual dates that tasks are being completed and the resource utilization used to complete them. Again review different views and the cost and summary tables before proceeding to the next section. Return to the entry view of the Gantt chart before proceeding.

At times people and equipment can become assigned more work then they can complete in normal working hours. This is called over allocation. Project can test for this condition and reschedule (or level) their workload to accommodate completing tasks during a normal day.

After a baseline has been established and the project has begun, it is desirable to determine if task are being accomplished on time and/or if cost over runs are occurring.

Project has many different built-in reports and has the capability building custom reports and exporting data to other MS office applications for integration into other reporting venues.

Significance of Reviewing ROI and Explain Return on Investment for MB0033 MBA Assignment

2010-03-08T19:51:00.000-08:00

It is the question of Project Management of MB0033 assignment of SMU MBA. The question is – “What is the significance of reviewing ROI? Explain in detail.” We already have discussed on many assignments in this category such as - Deming’s philosophy relevant to Project Management, How can risks be prioritized in a Project Management and Introduction to ScMo Supply Chain Monitoring. Now, I am going to present my theory on ROI (Return on Investment) for MB0033 MBA assignment of SMU.

Return on Investment (ROI) is the calculated benefit that an organization is projected to receive in return for investing money (resources) in a project within the context of the review process. The investment would be in an information system development or enhancement project. ROI information is used to assess the status of the business viability of the project at key check points throughout the project’s life-cycle.

ROI may include the benefits associated with improved mission performance, reduced cast, increased quality, speed, or flexibility, and increased customer and employee satisfaction. ROI should reflect such risk factors as the project’s technical complexity. The agency’s management capacity, the likelihood of cost overruns, and the consequences of under – or non-performance where appropriate, ROI should be reflect actual returns observed through pilot projects and prototypes.

ROI should be quantified in terms of dollors and should include a calculation of the break-even point (BEP) which is the date when the investment begins to generate a positive return. ROI should be re-calculated at every major checkpoint of a project to see if the BEP is still on schedule, based on project spending and accomplishments to date. If the project is behind schedule or over budget, the BEP may move out in time; if the project is ahead of or under budget the BEP may occur earlier. In either case, the information is important for decision-making based on the value of the investment throughout the project life-cycle.

Any project that has developed a business case is expected to fresh the ROI at each key project decision point (i.e. stage exist) or at least yearly.

Main Considerations in Planning P2M MBA MB0033 Assignment of SMU

2010-02-21T19:25:00.000-08:00

The question has been taken from Project Management of MB0033 assignment of SMU MBA. The question is – “What are the main considerations in planning P2M? Give relevant examples.” There are already many assignments in this category - Deming’s philosophy relevant to Project Management, How can risks be prioritized in a Project Management and Introduction to ScMo Supply Chain Monitoring.

Some of the considerations for effective program management are given below:

Focusing on the various strategic initiatives taken up for multiple projects and the issues related to benefits and risks.

Bringing about the attention of management to a defined set of benefits, which are understood immediately, which are understood immediately, which are managed thought the implementation and at completion.

Helping to management to set priorities, choosing options and allocate resources.

Setting up mechanisms to measure and ensure that the projects making contributions for realizing expected business benefits.

Leading the organization on the path of ‘where it’ and ‘where it wants to be’. Ensuring that the effects of the programme driven changes are coordinated, the transitions are successfully managed. The operations are effective and efficient.

The objective sought to be achieved and the methods which are adopted and the activities that are going to be undertaken i.e. the process include the following steps.

Preparing and maintaining a set of activities and the workflow that is to be followed and identifying business areas responsible for different stage in the above:

The marketing sure that the priorities that the above generate are relevant and the projects are run on the basis of their impact on the business in a whole:

The Process has to incorporate all the important aspects which are to be addressed during implementation and management of the projects. It is important to identify all factors and incorporate resources – men, material, technology and time, so that their provision can be planned.

How Can Risks Be Prioritized In A Project Management? MB0033 Assignment of MBA for SMU

2010-02-14T19:39:00.000-08:00

This is Project Management question of MB0033 assignment of SMU MBA. The question is – “How can risks be prioritized in a Project Management? Give any suitable example.” In this category, we already have discussed about Deming’s philosophy relevant to Project Management.

To identify risks, we must first define risk. Risks are potential problems, ones that are not guaranteed to occur. When people performing risk identification they often start by listing known problems. Known problems are not risks. During risk identification, you might notice some problems. If so, just move them to a problem list and concentrate on future potential problems.

Risk identification can be done using a brainstorming session. The brainstorm typically takes 13-30 minutes. Be sure to invite anyone who can help you think risks. Invite the project team, customer, people who have been a similar projects, and experts in the subject area of the project, limit the group size to nine people. In the brainstorming session, people call out potential problems that they think could hurt the project. New ideas are generated based on the items on the brainstorm list. A project manager can also use the process to refer to a database of risk obtained from past.

The information obtained from such databases can help the project manager to evaluate and asses the nature of the risk and its impact on he project. Also to a great extent the judgment of the project manager based upon his post experience comes very handy in dealing with risks. Another important method is to generate alternative solution or methodology to deal with risk. Generate solution by means of group review meetings or a brainstorm session.

During the brainstorm, consider the following items:

Selection of weak areas in a project, such as unknown technology being used or to be used:

Things, that is critical or extremely important to the effort, such as the timely delivery of a vendor’s database software, creation of translators, or a user interface that meets the customer needs.

Introduction to ScMo Supply Chain Monitoring for MB0033 Assignment of SMU MBA

2010-02-07T19:37:00.000-08:00

The question of MB0033 assignment of SMU MBA is – “Explain the structure of the documentation systems as required by supply chain monitoring. What is the significance of documentation? How does it help a manager?”

The intent of this document is to define the structure of the documentation system, its content, and the method generation and to attain common documentation of all standard process of Odette. The documentation is valid for the SCM-group of Odette. The Documentation system is internet based to provide immediate access to current, up-to-date process documentation. The system allows users to manage through graphical structures to relevant documentation and process which were created with the ARIS – Tousled.

The process pro document action system serves the following objectives:

1) Present standard process to be adhered to across the industry, and in so doing secure their correct application.

2) Offer a central location of all process and system related information – from customizing documentation to working guidelines.

3) Allow flexible and quick adaptation in case of process changes or enhancement and provide the update information immediately.

4) Present the standard process in the intranet, where users can look up the current process whenever necessary.

5) Availability at every working location.

Defining the process documentation system the content of the process documentation system includes the area supply chain management from the Odette supply chain management group. The system includes graphical process documentation, in the form of process chains, as well as the entire range of documentation related information is attached to each documentation level, where it can be in the form of a single documentation or a link to further documentations or other process chains.

The process Documentation System gives, according to its objectives, an overview and a detailed view of the relevant process for SCMo. The process gives the information as to which activities are dome and by whom, when the activities are done and which systems and information support those activities. Easy system operation is achieved though the use of top-down navigation and the availability of a search index.

Concept of Concurrency in High Technology Development from MB0033

2010-01-17T21:03:00.000-08:00

This question is, “Explain the Concept of Concurrency in High Technology Development.” This is an assignment question of Sikkim Manipal University MBA MB0033. It is a solved assignment of SMU MBA question. We already have discussed about Deming’s Philosophy relevant to project management and characteristics of project. Now, you will get the answer of – “Concept of Concurrency in High Technology Development”.

As the application of technology has become critical for the survival of organization it has become imperative for organizations to initiate measures for the development of high technology to be ahead of competition. No doubt, there are many specialized research and development firms which offer their expertise to their client’s problems. However, their services are available to the competitors and many technologies developed by the company’s own research personnel cannot be shared with outsiders. So the strategy would be utilize the services of external resource to the extent they are suitable for out purpose, but with a strong base of R and D of our own. This will really differentiate the best. The following give some guidelines in the form of rules which help organization to be strong in this area.

Build concurrency into every activity:

Building concurrency into every activity is essential to reduce the development cycle time and to counter the technology obsolescence. Many of the tasks that are normally done in a serial fashion can be done in parallel by synchronizing the flow of information. The practices of the concurrent engineering where the design of the product and all its associated processes are carried out simultaneously based on team work and participation. Would not only help in reducing the development cycle time, but also improves the product functionality with regard to requirements. Concurrency can be accomplished in many ways both for product development as well as technology transfer, user evaluation and production.

Deming’s Philosophy Relevant to Project Management from SMU MBA MB0033

2010-01-11T20:00:00.000-08:00

This question is, “State the principle of Deming’s philosophy relevant to Project Management. Explain how each one is applicable in Management?” This is an assignment question of SMU MBA MB0033.

We can consider the five steps –DMAIS – as generic for any system of a journey towards excellence – it is highly relevant in project management for the simple reason that all the steps give out in detail the steps to be taken and that they will ensure readiness for the next. Verification of implementation is possible with checklists which can be prepared and used by employees at all levels. The team members can be given training to follow them. We will consider them one by one.

Define: This step requires that what is sought to be achieved is identified in all its detail. The step requires that what is going to make:

a) Benchmark –The standards achieved by the best in the industry. Our product is set to meet them

b) Customer Requirement

c) Process Flow Map – Activities that take place to result in the product at the end of them.

d) Quality function deployment – This tool compares the quality characteristics in our product with those is our competitors’ and their relative importance to the customer. To achieve them, we find the technical specifications we have to incorporate in our product.

e) Project management plan – This includes the materials, men, activities, schedules, milestones etc.

f) Measure – Measuring the outcomes of the activities.

g) Data collection – Data about the work that is done and compare as to how it corresponds with that is required

h) Defect metrics – The deviations that are in the effective position of the work whether they are acceptable or can they be rectified

i) Sampling – If the volumes are high, select a few of them and inspect them to see whether the entire batch is acceptable

2) Analyze – Use the data on measures to perform analysis.

Tools can be used:

a) Cause and effect diagrams – also called Fishbone Diagrams.

b) Failure mode and effect analysis FMEA

c) Root cause analysis

d) Reliability Analysis

3) Improve – Measures to remove the defects found earlier are implemented for improving the process

4) Standardize – When improvements have become consistent, the methods adopted are standardized.

Various Characteristics of a Project and Importance from MB0033 Assignment of MBA

2010-01-03T20:48:00.000-08:00

You have to solve the question, “What are the various characteristics of a project? What is the importance of each characteristic? Give examples.” This is an assignment question of SMU MBA. The MBA assignment question is related to Project Management MB0033.

Project is a program of non-routine work bringing about a beneficial change.

Characteristics of project management:

a) Resource requirement: During the course of executing the project, it is seen that the resource requirement increase from start to an intermediate stage of the project. It further increases at rapid rate and becomes constant while the project is during it’s so to 95% progress stage. Thereafter the resources requirement decreases to zero i.e. when the project comes to finish. Refer the characteristic chart.

b) Funds: The requirement of funds to complete execution of the project also follows the same trends as that of the resources. The two are more or less proportional. Refer the characteristic chart.

c) Probability of completion: The probability of completing the project can be estimated based upon the normal distribution curve. In the initial stage of the project the probability of completing the project is low though not zero. It gradually increases and as the project approaches finish the probability of completing the project tends to become 100% Refer the characteristic chart.

d) Risk: The risks involved in the project effecting its completion time are high at the initial stages and low at the later stages of the project. Refer the characteristic chart.

e) Design changes: The project during the course of its progress may be subjected to changes because of some external factors. The influence of such external factors on the project may result in changes in the design of the project though not very often. It is observed that such changes.

Importance of project Management projects may be completed with one or more of the following: -

Stretched deadlines
Over stressed team
Wasted resources
Unmet customers’ functional requirements
Overshot budget

A good project management methodology provides a framework for the process.

It provides guidelines for the execution of the project that greatly increases the chances of the project being successful, and therefore provides value to the project.

Some of the steps of a good project management are –

Define the project
Reduce it to a set of manageable tasks
Obtain appropriate and necessary resources
Build a team to perform the project work
Plan the work and allocate the resources to the tasks.

Examples of project –

a) commissioning a new industrial unit
b) Construction of a house
c) Setting up at an office
d) Developing a technology
e) Launching a new product in the market

Challenges before an E-Business Management from MB0031 Assignment of SMU MBA

2009-12-27T19:37:00.000-08:00

The question is related to “Explain the challenges before an e-business management.” The question is also related to MBA Assignments of Sikkim Manipal University. You already have gotten Development of MIS for an Organization, Value Chain in MIS, Classification of Information and Decision Support Systems assignment questions of SMU MBA. Now, I have decided to share an assignment about “Explain the challenges before an e-business management.”

The scope of E-business is limited to executing core business process of the organization. The process would have external interface life suppliers, customers, contractors, consultants and so on. The core business process of the organization is procurement, manufacturing, selling, distribution, delivery and accounting. These core process are best run by application packages like enterprise definition is made wider including customer, suppliers and distributors, application package like supply chain management (SCM) is best suited for planning and execution of entire business process.

In addition to these core business process, organizations use internet enabled systems and other technologies to handle these process more effectively. Transaction processing workflow, work group and process control applications are the backend support systems to main ERP/SCM enterprise management systems.

E-business systems scope manages cross-functional application systems as a single business process. It integrates cross functions seamlessly, automates the tasks, and updates the information is real time the ERP/SCM and now customer Relations management system (CRM) is a family of software solution packages dedicated to care management of functions of business. They are supported by front-end and back-end systems and applications designed for transaction processing. Work flow management, work group processing and automated process control, E-business systems use client/server architecture and run an internet platform. E-business systems lay foundation for other Enterprise applications, namely E-commerce, E-communications, and E-collaboration.

In Accounting and finance system, IT application is very strong. E-business applications in this area are capable of accounting every business entity such as material, men, machines, cash, customer, vendor and so on, all process which deal with transaction, computing, accounting and analysis are automated using system intelligence and knowledge driver intelligent systems.

Planning of MIS and Development of Management Information Systems for an Organization from MB0031

2009-12-20T20:07:00.000-08:00

It is a solved assignment of MIS for MB0031 of SMU MBA. The question is related to “What is the significance of quality in planning and development of MIS for an organization?” We already have explained about SIS for a Manager, Value Chain in MIS, Classification of Information and Decision Support Systems. Now, I am going to share an assignment about “Planning of MIS and Development of Management Information Systems.”

Planning of information systems:

Many organizations have purchased computers for data processing and for meeting the statutory requirements of filling the returns and reports to the government. Computers are used mainly for computing and accounting the business transactions and have not been considered as tool for information processing.

The organizations have invested on computers and expanded its use by adding more or bigger computers to take care of the numerous transactions in the business. In this approach, the information processing function of the computers in the organization never got its due regard as an important asset to the organization. In fact, this function is misinterpreted as data processing for expeditious generation of reports and returns, and not as information processing for management action and decisions.

However, the scene has been changing since late eighties when the computers become more versatile, in the function of storage, communication, intelligence and language. The computer technology is so advanced that the barriers of storage, distance understanding of language and speed are broken.

In short, we need a management information system flexible enough to deal with the changing information needs of the organization. It should be conceived as an open system continuously interacting with the business environment with a built-in mechanism to provide the desired information as per the new requirements of the management. The designing as such in open system is a complex task. It can be achieved only if the MIS is planned, keeping in view, the plan of the business management of the organization.

Development of information systems:

Once the plan of MIS is made, the development of the MIS calls for determining for the strategy of development. As discussed earlier, the plan consists of various systems and sub systems. The development strategy determines where to begin and what sequence the development can take place with the sole objective of assuring the information support.

The choice of the system or the sub-system depends on its position in the total MIS plan, the size of the system, the user understands of the systems and the complexity and its interface with other systems. The designer first develops systems independently and starts integrating them with other systems, enlarging the system scope and meeting the varying information needs.

Determining the position of the position of the system in the MIS is easy. The real problem is the degree of structure, and formalization in the system and procedures which determine the timing and duration of development of the system.

Background about Strategic Information Systems and Uses of SIS for a Manager from MB0031

2009-12-13T19:53:00.000-08:00

Get solved assignment of Management Information Systems for MB0031 of SMU. The question is related to “Write in detail the background about strategic information systems. How is it helpful to a manager? Give relevant examples.” We already have explained about Value Chain in MIS, Classification of Information and Decision Support Systems.

The growth of information system and technology during the last 2 decades has been phenomenal. During this growth, many branches evolved in the information science. One such branch is strategic IS. It is mainly concerned with providing and organization and its members an assistance to perform the routine tasks effectively. One of the major issue before any, organization is the challenge of meeting its goals and objectives. Strategic IS enabling such organization in realizing their goals. Strategic Information System (SIS) is a support to the existing system and helps in achieving a competitive advantage over the organization competitors in terms of is objectives.

This unit deals with critical aspects of the strategic information system. This unit indicates the theoretical concepts and the way in which the same are realized in practice. The flow of the unit is in such a way that it starts which the development of contemporary theory about strategic uses of corporations internal information systems leading to systems which transcend the boundaries of particular organizations. The process whereby strategic information systems are created or identified is then examined.

A number of weaknesses in the existing body of theory are identified, and suggestions made as to directions in which knowledge is or may be progressing. Strategic information systems are concerned with systems which contribute significantly to the achievement of an organization’s overall objectives. The body of knowledge is of recent origin and highly dynamic and the area have an aura of excitement about it. The emergency of the key idea, the process whereby strategic information systems come into being is assessed, areas of weakness are identified and directions of current and future development suggested.

Information system is regarded as a tool to provide various services to different management functions. The tools have been developing year by year and different management application of the tool has become more and more diverse. In management it is now a very power means to manage and control various activities and decision making process. The original idea of automating mechanical process got quickly succeeded by the rationalization and integration of systems. In both of these forms, IS was regarded primarily as an operational support tool, and secondarily as a service to management. Subsequent to the development, it was during the last few years that an additional potential was discovered.

It was found that, in some cases, information technology (IT) had been critical to the implementation of an organisation’s strategy. An organisation’s strategy supported by information system fulfilling its business objectives came to be known as strategic information system. The strategic information system consists of functions that involved gathering. Maintenance and analysis of data is concerned with internal resources and intelligence about competitors, suppliers, customers’ government and other relevant organizations.

Decision Support Systems and Example of a Computerized Restaurant for MB0031 Assignment

2009-12-06T21:08:00.000-08:00

This is the Management Information Systems MBA assignment for MB0031 of SMU. The question is related to “Explain the decision support systems in detail. Consider the example of a computerized restaurant to illustrate your answer.” We already have explained about Value Chain in MIS and Classification of Information.

Business decisions are those, which are made in the process of conducting business to achieve its objectives in a given environment. In concept, whether we are looking about business decision or any other decision, we assume that the decision-maker is a rational person.

The major characteristics of the business decision-making are:

a) Sequential in nature.
b) Exceedingly complex due to risks and trade offs.
c) Influenced by personal values
d) Made in institutional settings and business environment.

The business decision-making is sequential in nature. In business, the decision is not isolated events. Each of them has a relation to same other decision or situation. The decision may appear as “snap” decision but it is made only after a long chain of developments and a series of related earlier decisions.

The decision-making process is a complex process in the higher hierarchy of management. The complexity is the result of many factors, such as the inter-relationship among the experts or decision-makers, a job responsibility, a question of feasibility, the codes of morals and ethics, and probable impact and business.

The personal values of the decision-maker play a major role in decision-making. A decision otherwise being very sound on the business principle and economic rationality may be rejected on the basis of the personal values, which are defeated if such a decision is implemented. The culture, the discipline and the individual’s commitment to goals will decide the progress and success of the decision.

Whatever may be situation, if are analyses the factors under laying the decision-making process, it would be observed that there are common characteristics in each of them. There is a definite method of arriving at a decision; and it can be put in the form of decision process mode.

The decision-making process required creativity, imagination and a deep understanding of human behaviour. The process covers number of tangible and intangible factors affecting the decision-making process. It also requires a foresight to predict the post-decision implications and a willingness to face those implications. All decision solves a ‘problem’ but over a period of time they give rise to a number of other ‘problems’.

Give the Explanation about the Classification of Information for MB0031 MBA Assignment

2009-11-30T00:26:00.000-08:00

Get the solved assignment of Management Information Systems for MBA MB0031 of SMU. The question is related to “Explain how information is classified? Give suitable examples of the classification and also the user of that information.” We already have explained about Value Chain in MIS.

There are six major types of information systems:

Transaction processing systems (TPS) – A transaction processing system (TPS) helps in conducting the daily routine activities like sales order entry such as Airline reservations, payroll etc.

Office systems – Some of the tasks involved in the administration of an office are storage of data, manipulation of data, documentation, communication etc. To increase the efficiency of these activities various word processors, image processors, telecommunications systems, networks are adopted. These constitute the office systems.

Knowledge based systems (KBS) – KBS is a system that represents knowledge. Abundant information is available today. These in formation are representatives of various fact and figures. These constitute knowledge base. They system adopted is capable of quick data acquisition and interpretation of the data which is necessary in decision making. This system is used as an expert to give expert advice on various subject matters and of time as a consultant. Such a system is known as knowledge based system.

Decision support system (DSS) – Managers are usually faced with challenges which are unstructured. The problems they face are normally under situations involving uncertainties and risks. Decision making becomes very difficult under such situations. A system which provides solutions to such problems is known as decision support system (DSS).

Management Reporting Systems (MRS) – Management reporting system (MRS) helps the management in decision-making by providing them with reports and different statistical tools.

Executive support systems – Executive support systems helps the senior executives in the organization in decision making through advanced graphics and communication.

Different kinds of information systems serve different levels in an organization. Each level of system and its sub system is views differently depending upon the following levels of classification. Operation-level systems help the managers in keeping track of the daily routine activities. For example - recording daily sales placing orders knowledge-level system from the workstations and office systems in an organization with help in including the latest technology in the working of the organization.

For example, preparing displays for advertisements. Management-level systems help in administrative activities and decision-making of the managers.

For example, the monthly sales figures by territory.

What is meant by value chain? Explain value chain significance in MIS? For MB0031 Assignment

2009-11-24T19:59:00.000-08:00

This is an assignment of Management Information Systems for MBA of SMU. The subject code is MB0031 which is related to MIS. Question of assignment is – “What is meant by value chain? Explain its significance in MIS?”

The connection between the producers and buyers may be reinforced, at least to the level of customer loyalty, and perhaps to the point of establishing a partnership between them. Such a relationship imposes ‘Switching casts’ on the buyer, because its internal process becomes adapted to the beneficial peculiarities of the particular factor of production, and use of an alternative would force internal changes. Hence product differentiation also serves as an entry barrier. In addition, a continuous process of product differentiation may produce and additional cost advantage over competitors and potential entrants, through intellectual property protections, such as potent, and the cost of imitation.

The activities performed by a particular enterprise can be analyzed into primary activities, which directly adds value to the enterprises factors of production, which are together referred to as the ‘value chain’, and supporting activities.

There is always a mention about what IT contributes to corporate strategy. It was recognized that corporation achieved a significant competitive advantage by adopting suitable IT concepts in building up their strategy. It quickly become incumbent on its competitors to neutralize that advantage, and hence to avoid ‘competitive disadvantage’ (Vitate 1986, warner 1987, Brouns eau 1990). The notion of ‘competitive advantage’ and ‘contestable’ competitive advantage came in light (Clemons 1986, Feeny andlves 1989, clborra 1992). Though many kinds of advantages which can possibly be derived from innovative use of IT, it is possible to quickly neutralize by others. A distinction needs to be made between the sustainable of the original advantage, and of any derived advantage.

An enhancement to the porter framework of competitive strategy was the notion of ‘alliance’ (Barrett and Konsyanski 1982, Gummesson 1987, EDP Analyzed 1987, Johnston and vitale 1988, Rockart and short 1989 Wiseman 1989, Konsyanski and Mcfarian 1990 ford 1990, Bowersox 1990). This referred to chains or clusters of organizations which collaborate in order to gain competitive advantage over others, similar organizations, or to neutralize the advantage of one or more competitor organizations. The innovation in IT and its strategies importance to enterprise is compatible with the company’s existing characteristics and advantages (Beath and Ives 1986, Clemons and Row 1987, Ives a and Vitale 1988, Hopper 1990). One policies and outline of factors that influence organization’s strategic goals is summarized in the following levels.

MIS and Characteristics of Management Information System for MB0031 Assignment of SMU

2009-11-15T21:11:00.000-08:00

“Define MIS? What are the objectives and characteristics of MIS?” is the question of SMU MBA assignment of MB0031.

About MIS:

MIS is popularly known as the Management Information System. MIS is considered as one such method of generating information which is used by management of organization for decision Making, control of activities, operations etc.

During the period 1940 to 1960 computers were commercially used for census and payroll work. This involved large amount of data and its processing. Since then the commercial application exceeded the scientific applications for which the computer were mainly intended for.

MIS is an information System which helps in providing the management of an organization with information which is used by management for decision making.

Objectives of MIS:

Managers play a key role in any organization. They are responsible for taking decisions appropriate to the need of the market. Information systems have become the main tool used by managers in decision making. Managers perceive information as the driving force to achieve success in any business. Hence there is a need for MIS as:

Support of its business process and operations

Support of decision making by its employees and managers

Support of its strategies for competitive advantage-Gaining a strategic advantage

The major roles of the business applications of a Management Information System may be represented in the pyramid form as shown below:

Characteristics of MIS:

MIS is mainly designed to take care of the needs of the managers in the organization.

MIS aids in integrating the information generated by various departments of the organization.

MIS helps in identifying a proper mechanism of storage of data.

MIS also helps in establishing mechanism to eliminate redundancies in data.

MIS as a system can be broken down into sub systems.

The role and significance of MIS in business and its classification is explained. It is possible to understand the various phases of development in MIS based on the type of system required in any organization.

About Business Plan and its Purpose for SMU MBA MB0036 Assignment

2009-11-15T01:20:00.000-08:00

“What is a Business Plan? What purpose does it serve?” is the question of SMU MBA MB0036. The MBA assignment question is related to Strategic Management & Business Policy of Sikkim Manipal University.

What is Business Plan?

A good business plan will help attract necessary financing by demonstrating the feasibility of your venture and the level of thought and professionalism you bring to the task.

The first step in planning a new business venture is to establish goals that you seek to achieve with the business. You can establish these goals in a number of ways, but an inclusive and ordered process like an organizational strategic planning session or a comprehensive neighborhood planning process may be best. The board of directors of your organization should review and approve the goals, because these goals will influence the direction of the organization and require the allocation of valuable staff and financial resources.

Your goals will serve as a filter to screen a wide range of possible business opportunities. If you fail to establish clear goals early in the process, your organization may spend substantial time and resources pursuing potential business ventures that may be financially viable but do not serve the mission of your organization in other important ways. A liquor store on the corner may be a clear money-maker; however, it may not be the retail to assistant your community desires.

The following are examples of goals you may seek to achieve through the creation of a new business venture:

What purpose does it serve?

Revenue Generation – Your organization may hope to create a business that will generate sufficient net income or profit to finance other programs, activities or services provided by your organization.

Employment Creation - A new business venture may create job opportunities for community residents or the constituency served by your organization.

Neighborhood Development Strategy – A new business venture might serve as an anchor to a deteriorating neighborhood commercial area, attract additional business to the area and fill a gap in existing retail services. You may need to find a use for a vacant commercial property that blights a strategic area of your neighborhood. Or your business might focus on the rehabilitation of dilapidated single family homes in the community.

Describe the Positive Aspect of Trade Liberalization for MBA MB0037 Assignment of SMU

2009-11-14T19:52:00.000-08:00

“Describe the positives of trade liberalization” is the fourth semester SMU MBA assignment question of International Business Management of MB0037.

Liberalization is another aspect of globalization. Both are two faces of one coin. Liberalization is known for free trade and business. In the global era, liberalization has a greater positive aspect for trade and business.

Liberalization gives a policy to make an economy open to trade and invest across the world with suitable growth. In the capitalist and imperialist era, no country has achieved economic success and substantial increases in living standards for its people without being open to the rest of the world.

To open up economy to the global economy, a country has developed competitive advantages in the manufacture of certain products in the global world of market. For examples, we can take some countries that have opened their economies in recent years such as – India, Vietnam and Uganda, have experienced faster growth and more poverty reduction.

Liberalization advocates the aspect of free trades. In the recent era, free trade has given so many befits for the poor especially. Liberalization has created many new jobs for unskilled workers also.

Free trade has been the most successful aspect for developing countries and industries. It has changed culture and society also with new working culture. Developing countries would gain more from global trade liberalization as a percentage of their GDP than industrial countries, because their economies are more highly protected and because they face higher barriers.

Although, there are only benefits from improved access to other countries’ markets, countries benefits most from liberalizing their own markets. The main benefits for industrial countries would come from the liberalization of their agriculture markets. Developing countries would gain about equally from liberalization of manufacturing and agriculture. The group of low-income countries, however, would gain most from agricultural liberalization in industrial countries because of the greater relative importance of agriculture in their economies.

In the recent era, in every field of life protection has been removed. Liberalization is taking part as open trade. This concept is very harmful for an undeveloped country and it sovereignty. Liberalization has never followed any barrier in its growth. So, in the age of liberalization or globalization only that fish can survive that are big.

Global Aspect of Globalisation in the Current World for MB0037 Assignment of MBA

2009-11-14T04:46:00.000-08:00

“Write a short note on ‘Globalization’” is the assignment question of International Business Management of SMU MBA MB0037. This is the fourth semester question of Sikkim Manipal University of MBA assignment.

Globalisation is a historical process rather than political or economical. It is the result of human innovation and technological progress. Globalization has shown the increasing integration of economics around the world. It has taken a greater aspect in the world particularly, through trade and financial flows. Globalization has covered the broader culture, politics and environmental dimensions of globalisation.

Today, globalization is well known topic across the world. The word has taken a common term. It is referred as the extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity – village markets, urban industries or financial enters.

Global markets promote efficiency through competition and the division of labour – the specialization that allows people and economies to focus on what they do best. Global market offer greater opportunity for common people also to tap into more and larger markets around the world.

In the global market, people can access more capital flows, technology, cheaper imports and larger export markets. Today, commerce and finance are more developed and deeply integrated in global world.

The global era has raised many questions related to social, political and workers. Does globalisation harm worker’s interest? Many theoreticians don’t believe in this question. However, this is right question. Globalisation is the parallel world between the rich and the poor. Capitalist globalisation is always very harmful for workers.

In the global world, only big giant can survive. Globalization has given the theory of third world countries also. In the financial world, globalization is known as the basic elements of periodic crisis of an inevitable consequence of globalization.

National sovereignty question is also related to the globalization question. In the financial market national sovereignty is never followed however, the question always has taken place in political era.

For an MBA student the topic is very current and situational. Understanding about the topic is much wrathful in the global era. To handle a position in any company is much related to the company’s interest in globalisation.

Positioning Strategies Adopted by Edible Oil Companies Assignment for SMU MB0030

2009-11-09T22:11:00.000-08:00

“Positioning Strategies Adopted by Edible Oil Companies” is another assignment question of SMU MBA assignments for MB0030. It is in the continuation of business portfolio of a beverage company using BCG matrix and Process and Bases of Automobile Market Segmentation.

Each firm needs to develop a distinctive positioning for its market offering. Positioning is the act of designing the company’s offering and image to occupy a distinctive place in the target market’s mid. Each company must decide how much deference to promote to its target customers. Many marketers advocate promoting only one central benefit and rosser reeves called it is “a unique selling proposition” some of the USP’s includes “best quality”. “best service”, “Lowest price”, “best value” “safest”, “more advanced technology” etc. If a company hammers a way at one of these positioning and delivers on it, it will probably be best known and recalled for this strengths.

Not everyone agrees that single – benefit positioning is always best. Double – benefit positioning may be necessary if two or more firms claim to be best on the same attribute. There are even cases of successful triple – benefit positing.

As the companies increase the number of claims for their brand, they risk disbelief and a loss of clear positioning. In general, a company must avoid four major positioning errors.

a. Under positioning: Some companies discover that buyers have only a vague idea of the brand. The brand is seen as just another entry in a crowded marketplace.

b. Over Positioning: Buyers many have too narrow image of the brand.

c. Confused positioning: Buyers might have a confused image of the brand resulting from the company’s making too many claims or changing the brand’s positioning too frequently.

d. Doubtful positioning: Buyers may find it hard to believe the brand claims in view of the product’s features, price or manufacturer.

Positioning maps:

Two dimensional graphs of how a product, brand or company is perceived versus competition.

Before identifying the positioning strategies for the product, marketer prepares its perceptual maps. These maps are drawn an important buying dimensions of consumer for company products as well as competitor products.

Process and Bases of Automobile Market Segmentation for MB0030 SMU Assignment

2009-10-04T01:53:00.000-07:00

This is the next assignment question of SMU MBA assignments for MB0030. It is in the continuances of business portfolio of a beverage company using BCG matrix.

In the market process segmentation, we can include – Identify existing and future wants in the current market. Examine the attributes that distinguish among segments and evaluate the proposed segment attractiveness on the basis of measurability, accessibility and size.

Now, we will discuss about market segmentation bases: -

Geographical segmentation: - Dividing the market into different geographical units such as nations, states, regions, cities or neighborhoods. The company can operate in one or a few geographical areas or operate in all out play attention do local variations.

Demographic segmentation: - In demographic segmentation the market is divided into groups on the basis of variable such as age, family size, family life-cycle, gender, income, occupation, education, religion race, generation, nationality and social class. Demographic variables are the most popular bases for distinguishing customer groups. One reason is that customer’s wants, preferences and usage rates are often associated with demographic variables.

Psychographic Segmentation: In psychographic segmentation, buyers are classified into different groups on the basis of life – style or personality and values. People within the same demographic group can exhibit very different psychographic profiles.

The Eight VALStm Group: Using the self-orientation and resources dimensions. VALS defines eight segments of adult consumers who have different attitudes and exhibit distinctive behaviour and decision making patterns.

Innovators are successful, sophisticated, active, take-charge people which high self-esteem and abundant resources. They are leaders in business and government and are interested in growth, innovation, and change. They seek to develop, explore and express themselves in a variety of ways, sometimes guided by principles and sometimes by a desire to have an effect or to make a change. They seek to develop, explore and express themselves in a variety of ways, sometimes guided by principle and sometimes by a desire to have an effect or to make a change.

Bases for posting the product overcome the positioning the product overcome the positioning difficulties enables the company to solve the marketing – mix problem. Thus seizing the “high-quality position” requires the firm to produce high quality products, charge a high price, distribute through high-class dealers advertise in high – quality media vehicles.

Automotive: Hyandai Santro

Headline: India’s best-loved family car is now also India’s simplest car to drive.

Subhead: Hyundai Introduces Santro Zip Plus Automatic.

No Shifting gears, no clutch, no problems.

Analysis of business portfolio of a beverage company using BCG matrix - MB0030 Assignment

2009-09-08T21:49:00.000-07:00

This is Marketing Management MBA assignment of SMU. The subject code is MB0030 which is related to marketing management assignment. Question of assignment is – “Analyze the business portfolio of a beverage company using BCG matrix”.

Now, follow to the answer for “Analyze the business portfolio of a beverage company using BCG matrix” below -

The current business portfolio of the company is analyzed by the business in which it operates. To make it clearer, let me take an example of ITC group. The company operates in FMCG, hotels, paper boards, specialty papers and packaging and agribusiness. These business are independent from each other and here their mission and objectives separately. These subsidiaries of organization or called as strategic business units (SBU).

Strategic business unit: The unit of the company that has separate mission and objectives and that can be planned independently from other business.

Strategic planning models used in assessing the existing business.

BCG matrix: (Boston Consultancy Group) BCG matrix: This model is used to identify company’s SBU’s position in the market.

This model identifies the SBU’s strength, weakness, opportunities and threats on the basis of market growth rate and relative market share.

The model is also known as growth share matrix.

Axis components:

1. Market growth rate: The rate at which market is growing
2. Relative market share: Market share of the SBU divided by the market share of the largest competitor.

Model Components:

Star: This category represents the high market share and high industry growth. SBU’s in this category require large investment to defend their position. SBU will return as cash cow after some time.

Cash Cows: This category represents the low growth rate and high market share which is the characteristic of SBU operating in mature industry. Here company needs less investment to hold their position. Hence it generates more cash or in management terms we say cash cow can be milked.

Question Mark: This category represents high market growth and low market share. SBU’s in this category has tow options, either to invest heavily and bring them to star position or divest/liquidates from that position.

Dogs: SBU’s in this category less cash for the company as it operates in low growth and low market share usually companies will not invest is this category and try to liquidates or divest.

BCG Matrix

Industry growth rate: 24%
Company growth rate: 50%

Name the different steps needed in OR approach of problem solving – MB0032 Assignment

2009-08-07T00:03:00.000-07:00

It is Operation Research MBA Assignments of SMU M0032. Check Linear Programming Problems for MB0032 SMU MBA Assignments also.

“Describe the broad classification of operations research models in details. Name the different steps needed in OR approach of problem solving?”

Solution:

A model is known as the representation of the reality. It is known as an idealized representation or abstraction of a real life system. The main objective of this model is to identify significant factors and their interrelationship. A model is helpful is decision making as it provides a simplified description of complexities and uncertainties of a problem in logical structure.

A broad classification of OR models:

a) Physical modes include all form of diagrams, graphs and charts. They are designed to deal with specific problems. They bring out significant factors and inter-relationship in pictorial firm so as to facilitate analysis.

There are two types:

1) Ieonic models and 2) Analog models

Iconic model is known as an image of an object or system that is represented on a small scale. We can say that these models can simulate the actual performance of a product.

On the other hand analog models are small physical systems that have similar characteristics and work like an object. For example- Toy.

b) Mathematical Model or Symbolic models represent the decision variable of the system. The model employs a set of mathematical symbols also. The variables are related by mathematical system also. For example - Allocation, sequencing, replacement models etc.
c) It is by nature of Environment

We have 1) Deterministic model in which every thing is defined and the results are certain. Eg: EOQ model 2) Probabilistic models in which the input and output variables follow a probability distribution Eg: Games Theory.

d) By the extent of Generality: The tow models belonging to this class are 1) General model can be applied in general and does not pertain to one problem only. Eg: Linear Programming 2) Specific model is applicable under specific condition only. For example - Sales can response curve or equation which can be known as a function of advertising that is applicable in the marketing function alone.

The scientific method translates a real given problem into a mathematical representation which is solved and retransformed into the original context. The OR approach to problem solving consists of the following steps:

1) Definition of the problem

The first and the most important requirement is that the root problem should be identified and understood. The problem should be identified properly, this indicates three major aspects:

1) A description of the goal or the objective of the study, 2) an identification of the decision alternative to the system, and 3) a recognition of the limitations, restrictions and requirements of the system.

2) Construction of the model

Depending on the definition of the problem, the operations research team should decide on the most suitable model for representing the system. Such a model should specify quantitative expressions for the objective and the constraints of the problem in terms of its decision variables.

3) Solution of the model

Once an appropriate model has been formulated the next stage in the analysis calls for its solution and the interpretation of the solution in the context of the given problem – A solution to a model implies determination of a specific set of decision variables that would yield on optimum solution. An optimum solution is one which maximizes or minimizes the performance of any measure in a model subject to the condition and constraints imposed on the model.

4) Validation the model

A model is a good representative of a system, and then the optimal solution must improve the system’s performance. A common method for testing the validity of a model is to compare its performance with some post data available for the actual system.

5) About Implementation of the final result

The optimal solution obtained from a model should be applied practice to improve the performance of the system and the validity of the solution should be verified under changing conditions.

What are the causes and remedies for over capitalization and under capitalization? – MB0029 Assignment

2009-07-09T20:01:00.000-07:00

Financial Management MBA Assignments for SMU MB0029

Question - What are the causes and remedies for over capitalization and under capitalization?

Answer – Overcapitalization

A company is said to be overcapitalized, when its total capital (both equity and debt) exceeds the true value of its assets. It is wrong to identify overcapitalization with exess of capital because most of the overcapitalized firms suffer from the problems of liquidity.

Causes of overcapitalization:

1. Decline in the earnings of the company.
2. Fall in dividend rates.
3. Market value of company’s share falls, and company loses investors confidence.
4. Company may collapse at any time because of anemic financial conditions – it will affect its employees, society, consumers and its shareholders.

Remedies for overcapitalization

Restructuring the firm is to be executed avoid the situation of company becoming sick.

It involves

1. Reduction of debt burden
2. Negotiation with term lending institutions for reduction in interest obligation.
3. Redemption of preference share through a scheme of capital reduction.
4. Reducing the face value and paid-up value of equity shares.
5. Initiating merger with well managed profit making companies interested in talking over ailing company.

Undercapitalization

Under-capitalization is just the reverse of over-capitalization. A company is considered to be under-capitalized when its actual capitalization is lower than its proper capitalization as warranted by its earning capacity.

Causes of under- capitalization

1. Under estimation of future earnings of the time of promotion of the company.
2. Abnormal increase in earnings from new economic and business environment.
3. Under estimation of total funds requirements.
4. Maintaining very high efficiency through improved means of production of goods or rendering of services.
5. Companies which are set up during recession start making higher earning capacity as soon as the recession is over.
6. Use of low capitalized rate.
7. Companies which follow conservative dividend policy will achieve a process of gradually rising profits.
8. Purchase of assets at exceptionally low prices during recession.

Remedies of undercapitalization

1. Splitting up at the shares – This will reduce the dividend per share
2. Issue of bonus share: this will reduce both the dividend per share and earning per share.
3. Both over-capitalization and under – capitalization are detrimental to the interests of the society.

Wealth Maximization & Functions of Finance – Financial Management Assignment of MB0029

2009-06-08T08:58:00.000-07:00

MBA assignments of Financial Management for MB0029:

Offer your arguments in favor of wealth maximization of one of the goals of financial Management and Functions of Finance.

Wealth Maximization:

Wealth maximization has been accepted by the finance managers, because it overcomes the limitations of profit maximization. Wealth maximization means maximizing the net wealth of the company’s share holders. Wealth maximization is possible only when the company pursues policies that would increase the market value of shares of the company.

There are some arguments which are superior in wealth maximization:

Wealth maximization is based on the concept of cash flows. Cash flows are a reality and not based on any subjective interpretation. On the other hand there are many subjective elements in the concept of profit maximization.

It considers time value of money translates cash flows occurring of different periods into a comparable value of cash flows is considered critically in all decisions as it incorporates the risk associated with the cash flow stream.

An example of Wealth maximization:

X LTD is listed company engaged in the business of FMCG (fast moving consumer goods). Listed means the company’s share are allowed to be traded the officially on the portals of the stock exchange, the board of directors of X LTD.

Take a decision in one of the bond meeting to enter into the business of power generation. When the company informs the stock exchange of the conclusion of the meeting of the decision taken the stock market reacts unfavorably with result that the next days’ closing of quotation was 30% less than of the previous day.

The question now is why the market reacted in this manner. Investors in this FMCG Company might have thought that the risk profile of the new business (power) that the company wants to take up is higher compared to the risk profile of the existing FMCG business as X LTD. when they want a higher return, market value of company’s share declines. Therefore the risk profile of the company gets translated into a time value factor. The time value factor so translated becomes the required rate of return. Required rate of return is the return that the investors want for making investment in that sector.

Any project which generates positive net present value creates wealth to the company. When a company creates wealth from a course of action it has initiated the share holders benefit because such a course of action will increase the market value of the company’s share.

Goals of financial Management:

Goals means - financial objective of a firm. Experts in financial management have endorsed the view that the goal of financial management of a firm is maximization of economic welfare of its shareholders. Maximization of economics welfare means - maximization of wealth of its shareholders. Shareholders’ wealth maximization is reflected in the market value of the firms’ shares. A firm’s contribution to the society is maximized when it maximizes its value. There are two versions of the goals of financial management of the firm which are profit maximization and wealth maximization.

Functions of finance:

Finance functions are closely related to financial decisions. The functions performed by a finance manager are known of finance functions. In the course of performing these functions finance manager takes the following decisions:

Financial decision:

To survive and grow, all organizations must be innovative. Innovation demands managerial proactive actions. Projective organizations continuously search for innovative ways of performing the activities of the organization. Innovation is wider in nature.

Investment decision:

Investment decisions are also know as capital budgeting decisions. Capital budgeting decisions lead to investment in real assets.

Dividend Decisions:

Dividend yield is an important of an investor’s attitude towards the security (stock) in his portfolio management decisions. But dividend decision is a major decision made by a fiancé manager. Dividend policy influences the dividend yield on shares. Since company’s range in the capital market have a major impact on its ability to procure funds by issuing securities in the capital markets, dividend policy.

Liquidity Decision:

Liquidity decisions are concerned with working capital management. It is concerned with the day-to-day financial operation that involves current assets and current liabilities.

The important element of liquidity decisions are:

Formulation of inventory policy
Policies an receivable management
Formulation of cash management strategies
Policies on utilization of spontaneous finance effectively

Thus, wealth maximizations are primary goal of any firm.

What are the Seven Principles of SCM? – Assignment-2 of MB0028

2009-05-01T21:12:00.000-07:00

In the previous posts we have already dealt about various phases in project management for those students who are preparing the MBA assignments of MB0028. Now, to proceed with that chapter we are going to publish one more assignment questions which will deal about principle of SCM. Below is the question:

Question.4. What are the seven principles of SCM?

Answer: Seven principles of SCM are:

Group customer by needs- Effective SCM groups, customer by distinct service needs, regardless of industry and then tailors services to this particular segment.

Customize the logistic network- In designing their logistics network; companies need to focus on the service requirement and profit of the customer segments identified.

Listen to signals of market demand and plan accordingly- Sales and operations planners must monitor the entire supply chain to detect early warning signals of changing customer demand and needs. This demand driven approach leads to more consistent forecast and optimal resource allocation.

Differentiate the product closer to the customer- companies today no longer can afford to stock pile inventory to compensate for possible forecasting errors. Instead, they need to postpone product differentiation in the manufacturing process closer to actual consumer demand. This strategy allows the supply chain to respond quickly and cost effectively to change in customer needs.

Strategically manage the sources of supply- by working closely with their key suppliers to reduce the overall costs of owning materials and services; SCM maximizes profit margins both for themselves and their suppliers.

Develop a supply chain wide technology strategy- as one of the cornerstones of successful SCM information technology must be able to support multiple levels of decision making. It also should afford a clear view and ability to measure the flow of products, services and information.

Adopt channel spanning chain performance measures- Excellent supply chain performance measurement system do more than just monitor internal functions. They apply performance criteria to every link in the supply chain-criteria that embrace both service and financial metrics.

Various phases in project management life cycle – MB0028 Assignment-2

2009-04-11T08:25:00.000-07:00

Question-3. Explain the various phases in project management life cycle?

Answer: This is the initial phase of any project. In this phase information is collected from the customer pertaining to the project and the requirements are analyzed. The entire project has to be planned and it should be done in a strategic manner. The project manager conducts the analysis of the problem and submits a detailed report to the top project justification, details on what the problem is a method of solving the problem, list of the objectives to be achieved, project budget and the success rate of completing the project. The report must also contain information and the project feasibility, and the risks involved in the project.

Project management life cycle is the integrated part of management. It is attach with project responsibility or failure of a project. For the MBA assignments it is the most valuable chapter in production management.

The important tasks of this phase are as follows:

Specification Requirements Analysis (SRA): It has to be conducted to determine the essential requirements of a project in order to achieve the target.

Feasibility study: To analyze whether the project is technically, economically and practically feasible to be undertaken.

Trade off analysis: To understand and examine the various alternatives which could be considered.

Estimation: To estimate the project cost, effort requires for the project and functionality of various process in the project.

System design: Choose a general design that can fusil the requirements.

Project evolution: Evaluate the project in terms of expected profit, cost and risks involved marketing phase.

A project proposal is prepared by a group of people including the project manager. This proposal has to contain the strategies adopted to market the product to the customers.

Design phase: This phase involves the study of inputs and outputs of the various project stages.

Execution phase: In this phase the project manager and the teams members work on the project objectives as per the plan. At every stage during the execution reports are prepared.

Control – Inspecting, Testing and Delivery phase during this phase. The project team works under the guidance of the project manager. The project manager has to ensure that the team working under his, implements the project designs accurately, the project manager has to ensure ways of managing the customer, perform quality control work.

Closure and post completion analysis phase upon satisfactory completion and delivery of the intended product or service the staff performance has to be evaluated. Document the lessons from the project. Prepare the reports on project feedback analysis followed by the project execution report.

The phase which involve in the above are:

The preparation stage involves the preparation and approval of project outline, project plan and project budget.

The next stage involves selecting and briefing the project team about the proposals followed by discussions on the roles and responsibility of the project member and the organization.

The project management life cycle:

A Life cycle of a project consists of the following:

Understanding the scope of the project

Establishing objectives of the project

Formulating and planning various activities

Project execution and

Monitor and control the project resources

What are the Reasons for Failure of a Project? – Assignment 2 of MB 00228

2009-03-03T20:02:00.000-08:00

The assignment is also from the Production and operations Management MBA book (MB 0028). It is for 2nd semester also. The chapter has great importance from examination point of view also like material flow chapter which has been already mentioned previously.

Question.2. what are the reasons for failure of a project? Give suitable examples.

Answer: Before knowing the reasons of failure we have to know about project.
Project is a set of activities which are networked in order and aimed towards achieving goal of a project.

Now, the reasons are project failure:

Incidence of Project failure
Projects being initiated of random at all levels
Project objective not in line with business objective
Project management not observed
Project manager with no prior experience in the related project
Non- dedicated team
Lack of complete support from clients

Factors contributing to project success not emphasized:

Project objective in alignment with business objective
Working within the framework of project management methodology
Effective scoping planning, estimation, execution, controls and reviews, project bottlenecks
Communication and managing expectations effectively with clients, team merits and stake holders
Prior expectance of PM in a similar project

Overview of information and communication Technologies (ICT) project:

Involve information and communication technologies such as the word wide web, e-mail, fiber-optics satellites
Enable societies to produce, access, adapt and apply information in greater amount, more rapidly and at reduce casts
Offer enormous opportunities for enhancing business and economic viability
Common problems encountered during projects
No prioritization of project activity from an organizational position
One or more of the stages in the project mishandled
Less qualified non-dedicated manpower
Absence of smooth flow of communication between the involved parties

These basic reasons lead a project to failures. In the project failures business management and project management is directly involved. From the management point of view it is basic things to care above topics to success of a project. Project is the core business of a company. In the MBA assignment its role has been defined from the management prospective.

Explain how material flow information: Q-1 of Assignment-2 from MB 0028

2009-02-01T19:11:00.000-08:00

Now, in the SMU MBA assignment blog you will get 2nd assignment of MB 0028. In the 1st assignment total questions were 6 which have been finished now. Each book contains 6 questions for the assignment in SMU MBA. From my point of view 1st question and 2nd questions of the MBA assignment were most important. Below is 1st question from the assignment-2 of MB 0028 (Production and operations Management).

Question.1. Explain how material flow information helps in work center decision. Consider the example of a shopping center to illustrate your answer.

Answer: The decision which involves during uses of material flow information has below-

A work center is a production facility comprising of one or more machines and one or more workmen considered as a single unit for purposes of estimation of capacity. This unit may have a single operation or a number of them conducted on the input items. In the pipeline of production, each work center’s contribution is vital as materials are scheduled, routed and loads to be sent to it.

In most organization, they are even considered as cash centers. Location trust means relative position of different centers so as to minimize the movement of materials, meet technological sequences, to reduce congestion, maximize throughput, improve part tracking ability and avoid repetitive movements. In addition another consideration is to provide for expansion of production.

Each work center receives information along with material that enter it the material also leaves the word center with information. The route sheet contains information about the material, process, quantities, and inspection procedures. Etc. the drawings or instructions tell the condition of the malarial of entry and the required condition at exit.

In this sense every operation consists of material transformation occurring on the basis of information. Activities conducted are on the basis of information that flows with material. Different locations have to accommodate the constraints of the basis of darning maximums benefit of the information that is available. Basically, each location is determined on the basis of from and to: where does it receive material goes. Some centers have to close as a matter of necessity, some need not to be and some need to be as for away as possible.

This aspect has been given a rating scale in terms of alphabets as under:

Absolutely necessary to be close
Essential to be close
Ordinary closeness
Ordinary closeness
Unimportant that they are close or not
Not desirable that the centers are close

It can be seen that this is only a guide for Indian location as the work centers as there will many competing factors that have to be accommodated.

Question-6 of MB 0028 Book for MBA Assignment-1

2009-01-22T19:46:00.000-08:00

I think we all have submitted our MBA assignment however I am publishing the assignment for those students who are participating in 2nd semester this year. The assignment will lead them to prepare their examination also. The assignment has been written by me for the purpose of 2nd semester examination.

Question.6 - What are the steps involves in SCM implementation?

Answer- There is many steps which involved in SCM implementation are- Business Process, sales and marketing. Logistics, costing, demand planning, trade- off analysis, environmental requirement, process stability, integrated supply, supplier management, product design, suppiers, customers, material specifications, etc.

Some important aspect of SCM-

The level of competition existing in the market and the impact of competitive forces on the product development.

Designing and working on a strategic logic for better growth through value invention.
Working out new value curve in the product development along with necessary break point.

Using it to analyses markets and the economies in product design. Tine, customer, quality of product and the concept of survival of fittest.

Steps of SCM principals:

Group customer by need: Effective SCM groups, customer by tietinct service meeds those particular segment.

Customize the logistics networks: In designing their logistics network, companies need to focus on the service requirement and profit potential of the customer segments identified.

Listen to signals of market demand and plan accordingly- sales and operations planners must monitor the entire supply chain to detect early warning signals of changing customer demand and needs.

Differentiate the product closer to the customer-companies today no longer can afford to stock pile inventory to compensate for possible forecasting errors, instead, they need to postpone product differentiation in the manufacturing. Process closer to actual customer demand.

Strategically manage the source of supply-by working closely with their key suppliers to reduce the overall casts of owning materials and services; SCM maximizes profit margins both for themselves, and their supplies.

Develop a supply chain wide technology strategy- as one of the cornerstones of successful SCM information technology must be able to support multiple levels of decision making.

Adopt channel spanning performance measures- Excellent supply performance measurement systems do more than just monitor internal functions. They apply performance criteria that embrace bathe service and financial metrics, including as such as each accounts true profitability.

Question-5 of SMU Assignment-1 from the MB 0028 Book

2009-01-08T23:18:00.000-08:00

Hi to all! I am going to publish question 5 which is the from MB 0028 assignment. I have already published question 4 in my previous post. I think it will also help you in the understanding of SCM in MBA.

Question 5. Explain the necessity and objectives a SCM?

Answer. SCM is the abbreviation of supply chain Management. It is considered by many express worldwide as the ultimate solution towards efficient enterprise management.

Now, we explain the necessity and objectives of SCM-

SCM is required by and enterprise as a tow to enhance management effectiveness with a following organizational objective:

Reduction of inventory

Enactment in functional effectiveness of existing systems like ERP, Accounting. Software and Documentation like financial reports statements ISO 9000 Documents etc.

Enhancement of participation level and empowerment level

Effective integration of multiple systems like ERP, communication systems, documentation system and secure, Design R&D systems etc.

Better utilization of resources- men, material, equipment and money.

Optimization of money flow cycle within the organization as well as to and from external agencies.

Enhancement of value of products, operations and services and consequently, enhancements of profitability.

Enhancement of satisfaction level of customer and clients, supporting institutions, statutory control agencies, supporting institutions, statutory control agencies, suppliers and vendors, employees and executives.

Enhancement of flexibility in the organization to help in easy implementation of schemes involving modernization, expansion and divestment, merges and acquisitions.

Enhancement of coverage and accuracy of management information systems.
With the objectives of SCM its implementation are required. Implementation is in the form of various functional blocks of an organization interpenetrated through which a smooth flow of the product development is possible.

A relatively new SCM option involves web based software with a browser interface. Several electronic marketplaces for buying and selling goods and materials.

Question-4 – Assignment-1 of SMU – MBA Book of MB 0028

2008-12-14T02:19:00.000-08:00

Below is already published Question 1st, 2nd and 3rd in MBA assignment blog. Now, I am going to published 4th question of MB 0028 Book.

(Production and operations Management)MB 0028.

Question 4. What are the various steps in project monitoring and controlling a project?

Answer: Here we elaborate the project monitoring and control.

Any project aimed at delivering a product or a service has to go through phases in a planned manner in order to meet the requirements. It only by careful monitoring of the project progress. It required establishing control factors to keep the project on the track of progress. The results of any stage in a project, depends on the inputs to that stage. It is therefore necessary to control all the inputs and the corresponding outputs from a stage. A project management may use certain standard trolls to keep the project on track. The project manager and the team members should be fully aware of the techniques and methods to rectify the factors influencing delay of the project and its product. The methodology of PERT (programmer Evolution Review Technique) and CPM (critical path method) may be used to analyze the project. In the PERT method one car find out the variance and use the variance to analyze the various probabilistic estimates pertaining to the project. Using the CPM one can estimate the start time and the finish time for every event of the project in its WBS (work Breakdown Structure).

The analysis charts can be used to monitor, control, track and execute a project. Typical PERT/ CPM exercise of a project are worked out at the end of this sub unit- 9.2. The various steps involved in monitoring and controlling a project from start to end are as follows-

1. Perlirninary work- the team members understand the project plans, project stage schedule, progress controls, tracking the dules. Summary of the members have to understand the tolerances in any change and maintain a change control log. They must realize the need and importance of quality for which they have to follow strictly quality agendas. They must understand the stage status reposes, stage and reports, stage end approval reports.

2. Project progress- The members must keep a track of the project progress and communication the same to other related members of the project. They must monitor and control project progress, through the use of regular check points, quality charts. Statistical tables, control the quality factors which are likely to deviate from expected values as any deviation may result in change to the stage she duel

3. Stage control- The manager must establish a project check paint cycle. For this suitable stage version control procedure may be followed.

4. Resources- Plan the resources required for various stage of the project. Brief both the project team and the key resources about the objectives of every stage, planned activities, products, organization. Metrics and project controls.
5. Quality control- This is very important in any project: Quality control is possible if the project member’s follow-

Schedule quality review, Agenda for quality review, conduct quality review and follow up.

6. Progress control- It is the main part at assessment-

Progress control assesses- monitor performance, update schedule, update casts, Re-plan stage schedule, conduct team status review etc.

Along with we create status report, create flash reports, project status reports etc.

7. Approvals - lastly, project sage reviews and the decisions taken and actions planned need to be approved by the top management. The goals of such review are to improve quality by finding defects and to improve productivity by finding defects in a cost effective manner. The group review progress includes several stage like planning, preparation and overview, a group review meeting and rework recommendation and follow-up.

Question-3 – Assignment-1 of SMU – MBA Book of MB 0028

2008-12-11T19:35:00.000-08:00

I have already mentioned in my introduction of MBA blog that the blog will tell you only about the assignment of MBA of SMU. In the first question we have already published two posts that contain 2 questions. Both questions are related to Production and Operation Management book of MB 0028.

Here I am going to publish my 3rd questions of 2nd semester assignment of Production and Operation Management.

Question 3. Who are the players in a project management? What are the various roles and responsibilities of the players in a project management?

Answer. At first we will discuss about project management then we will discuss about players in project management. Project management is the practice of controlling the use of resources, such as cost, time manpower, hardware and software involved in a project. That starts with a problem statement and end with delivery of a complete product.

Here we will see the participants of project management:

In the project management players individual and organizations both are involved-

That is actively involved in the project whose interests may be affected by the outcome of the project.

Exert influence over the project and its results players or also called “stake holders’’ of the project
Project manager- the individual responsible for managing the project.

Customer- the individual or organization that will use the product- the end result of the project.

Performing organization- the enterprise whose employees are mast directly involved in doing the work of the project.

Sponsors- the individual or group within or external to the performing organization that funds the project.

Now, we will define the role and responsibilities of project management. Here are some roles and responsibilities:

There are number of projects which an organization works on. It is not possible for one individual to manage all the projects.

There is a team of mangers who manage the projects.

There may be different teams working an different projects.

An experienced project manager and this team may manage more than one project at a time.

The project team is responsible for ensuring that the project upon completion shall deliver the gain in the business for which it is intended for.

-the project team has to properly co-ordinate with each other working on different aspects of the project.

-the team members are responsible for the completion of the project as per the plans of the project.

Characteristics of project mindset: - some of the characteristics of project mindset are the following –

Time - it is possible to improve the pace of the project by reducing the time frame of the process. The mindset is normally to work in a comfort made by stretching the time limits.

Responsiveness – it refers to quickness of response of an individual. The vibrancy and livens of an individual or an organization are proportional to its capability of evolving process and structure for superior responsiveness time constant.

Information sharing – information is owner information is the matter key to today’s business. Information sharing is the characteristic of the project mindset today.

Process – project mindset lays emphasis on flexible process. The major difference in a process and a system is in its capabilities of providing flexibility to different situational encounters. Flexible process possesses greater capabilities of adaptability.

Structured planning – structure planning based a project management life cycle enables one to easily and conveniently work according to the plan.

Question-2 – Assignment-1 of SMU – MBA Book of MB 0028

2008-11-01T10:12:00.000-07:00

Production and operations Management

Question 2. Sate the important consideration for locating an automobile plant? Collect information on layout planning of an automobile plant from various services and furnish the same.

Answer: To locate an automobile company or plant many thing should be consider. For an automobile plant automated flaw lines, automated assembly lines, flexible manufacturing systems, global transition rapid prototyping. Building manufacturing flexibility things are necessity.

About the automated flow lines we can say it is a machine which is linked by a transfer system which moves the parts by using handling machines which are also automated, we have an automated flow line.

Human intervention ma is needed to verify that the operations ate taking place according to standards. When these cab be achieved with the help of automation and the processes are conducted with self regulation, we will have automated flow lines established.

In fixed automation or hard automation, where one component is manufactured using services operations and machines it is possible to achieve this condition. We assume that product life cycles are sufficiently stable to interest heavily on the automate flow lines to achieve reduces cast per unit.

Product layouts ate designed so that the assembly tasks are performed in the sequence they are designed at each station continuously. The finished item came out at the end of the line.

In automated assembly lines the moving pallets move the materials from station to station and moving arms pick up parts, place them at specified place and system them by perusing, riveting, & crewing or even welding. Sensors will keep track of there activities and move the assembles to the next stage.

The machines are arranged in a sequence to perform operations according to the technical requirements.

The tools are loaded, movements are effected, speeds controlled automatically without the need for worker’s involvement.

The flexibility leads to better utilization of the equipments. It reduces the numbers of systems and rids in reduction of investment as well as a space needed to install them. One of the major cancers of modern manufacturing systems is to be able to respond to market
Demands which have uncertainties.

Prototyping is a process by which a new product is developed in small number so as to determine the suitability of the materials, study the various methods of manufactured, type of machinery required and develop techniques to over come problems that my be encountered when full scale manufacture is undertaken.

Prototypes do meet the specification of the component that enters a product and performance can be measured on these.

It helps in con be reforming the design and any shortcomings can be rectified at low cost.

Flexibility has three dimensions in the manufacturing field. They are variety, volume and time. There demands will have to be satisfied. In that sense they become constraints which restrict the maximization of productivity. Every business will have to meet the market demands of its various products in variety volumes of different time.

Flexibility is also needed to be able to develop new products or make improvements in the products fast enough to cater to shifting marker needs.

Manufacturing systems have flexibility built into them to enable organization meet global demand. You have understood how the latest trends in manufacturing when implemented help firms to stay a head in business.

Note: all the answer has been taken by SMU book of MB 0028 for this assignment.

Question-1 – Assignment-1 of SMU – MBA Book of MB 0028

2008-10-31T09:52:00.000-07:00

Production and operations Management

Question: 1. Explain the various automated system for transform of materials in the production plant? Illustrate your answer by considering on example of an automobile showroom.

Answer: Basically, automation system comes to reduce labour power and time in the production. Here we can see the evolution systems with some examples. The goods requited by society were produces in small quantities by craftsman who would know the need of the community and produced them by their own hands with simple tools. The apprentices or by another craftsman, who would make them to meet the requests made.

The parts and components used to make these machines had to be replaced when they wore making parts so that interchangeability was achieved made setting up standards and specifications important for meeting

The craftsmen gave way to engineers, workers, superiors and inspectors. Division of labour became necessary to achieve efficiencies and the jabs that became specialized. Competition has necessitated improved quality, reduced sates and better services to the customer.

Automation systems cost huge sums of money and therefore a deep analysis of the various factors has to be done. For services, automation usually means labour saving devices in education, long distance learning technology helps in supplementing class room instruction. The facilitating goods that are used are web site and videos.

Automation in the banking sector has resulted in ATMs which same the banks a huge amount customer satisfaction. Automation is ideas when the service provided or the product manufactured is highly standardized.

Some extent of automation can be designed even with customization i. e. product or service a meant to produce or deliver low volume specific to a requirement. The advantages of automation is it has low variability and will be more consistent on a repetitive basis

The machines have sensing and control devices that enable them to operate automobile. The simplest of them called machine attachments replace human effort. They guide, locate, move and achieve revise position by means of came, optical sensing. Load sensing mechanisms and activate the controls to remove human intention.

Robots are higher in the order of automation as they perform a variety of tasks. They are designed to move movements according to programmers written into the computer that inside them.

With the help of automation, inspection of component can be done 100% ensures highest quality identification and movement of materials are helped by bar codes which are read and fed into the system far monitoring quantity, location, movement etc. They help the automated systems to start information and provide information for effecting any changes necessary. To make effective use of automated machines, we need to have the movement of materials from and to different time as stores, automated, Automated storage and Retrieval systems- ASRS- receive orders for materials from anywhere in the production area, collect materials in the works times. Computers and information systems are used for placing orders for matters, give commands adjust inventory records which show the location and quantity of materials needed.

Automated guided vehicle systems- AGVS – are pallet trucks and unit load carriers follow embedded guide wires or paint strips to destinations as programmed.

In an automobile showroom we can see all the work automatically with latest machine.

Note: all the answer has been taken by SMU book of MB 0028 for this assignment.

Introduction of MBA Blog

2008-10-31T07:35:00.000-07:00

The blog is intended to MBA assignment basically. MBA assignment is from SMU. SMU is the abbreviation of Sikkim Manipal University. The university is famous of Health and Medical.

I am going to write here 1st 2nd semester MBA assignment of MBA then I will write about 1st semester because now I have that assignment.

MBA is now hot topic that is why I have decided to write over that. I will intently write about only assignment of MBA.